{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:05:00Z","timestamp":1778691900392,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Secretariat for Research and Technology of Greece","award":["VALUEFARM PRIMA2019-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VALUEFARM PRIMA2019-11"]}]},{"name":"General Secretariat for Research and Technology of Greece","award":["PRIMA\/0009\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIMA\/0009\/2019"]}]},{"name":"PRIMA foundation in FCT Portugal, under the project VALUEFARM","award":["VALUEFARM PRIMA2019-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VALUEFARM PRIMA2019-11"]}]},{"name":"PRIMA foundation in FCT Portugal, under the project VALUEFARM","award":["PRIMA\/0009\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIMA\/0009\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horticulturae"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the effects of three irrigation treatments (control (rain-fed plants), deficit irrigation (DI: 50% of maximum field capacity), full irrigation (FI: 100% of maximum field capacity)), and two crop-management treatments (with or without crop rotation with bean, CR, and NCR, respectively) on the plant growth and chemical composition of C. spinosum. The results indicated that deficit irrigation combined with crop rotation increased the weight of leaves per plant, followed by rain-fed plants for the same crop-management treatment. Additionally, these two factors significantly influenced the nutritional profile, free sugars, and organic acid content in a variable manner. Moreover, the control treatment and deficit irrigation increased the content of K, Na, and Mg, which are highly mobile nutrients, whereas the levels of moderately mobile nutrients such as Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn decreased. Deficit irrigation without crop rotation significantly increased the content of total tocopherols, followed by deficit irrigation with crop rotation and full irrigation without crop rotation. The main fatty acids were \u03b1-linolenic acid (C18:3n3), followed by palmitic acid (C16:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2n6), while the control and deficit irrigation treatments combined with crop rotation increased PUFA and decreased SFA content. Furthermore, deficit irrigation and crop rotation induced the accumulation of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, especially the content of the major compounds (e.g., chicoric acid, quercetin-O-hexurunoside, and luteolin-O-hexurunoside). The leaf extracts exhibited varied antioxidant activity (assessed by TBARS and OxHLIA assays), and antimicrobial activity. On the other hand, no antifungal, antiproliferative (except for AGS cell line), hepatotoxic, or anti-inflammatory effects were recorded. In conclusion, the combination of deficit irrigation and crop rotation with bean positively affected the quality traits and the fresh weight of leaves, thus suggesting that such eco-friendly practices could have beneficial effects in the cultivation of C. spinosum plants within the context of climate-change mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11030306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T08:59:52Z","timestamp":1741683592000},"page":"306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Effect of Cropping System and Irrigation Regime on the Plant Growth and Biochemical Profile of Cichorium spinosum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5813-4453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz H.","family":"Paschoalinotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Braganc\u0327a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Braganc\u0327a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4535-3075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Polyzos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 384 46 N. Ionia, Greece"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Liava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 384 46 N. Ionia, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6494-2326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Mandim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Braganc\u0327a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Braganc\u0327a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3954-3833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia C. S. P.","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Braganc\u0327a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Braganc\u0327a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2835-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikel","family":"A\u00f1ibarro-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Braganc\u0327a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Braganc\u0327a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4910-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel C. F. R.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Braganc\u0327a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Braganc\u0327a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8744-7814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria In\u00eas","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Braganc\u0327a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Braganc\u0327a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9050-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Braganc\u0327a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Braganc\u0327a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0324-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon A.","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 384 46 N. Ionia, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceccanti, C., Landi, M., Benvenuti, S., Pardossi, A., and Guidi, L. (2018). Mediterranean wild edible plants: Weeds or \u201cnew functional crops\u201d?. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23092299"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Preedy, V., and Watson, R. (2020). Wild greens used in the Mediterranean diet. The Mediterranean Diet: An Evidence-based Approach, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Mata, M.d.C., and Tard\u00edo, J. (2016). Mediterranean Wild Edible Plants, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3329-7"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatzopoulou, E., Carocho, M., Di Gioia, F., and Petropoulos, S.A. (2020). The beneficial health effects of vegetables and wild edible greens: The case of the mediterranean diet and its sustainability. 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