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This paper analyzes the main biotechnological strategies applied to the European chestnut, a species of significant ecological, economic, and cultural importance in many temperate regions. However, in recent decades, it has been seriously threatened by various factors, including devastating diseases such as chestnut blight and ink disease, as well as the impacts of climate change. First, classical and assisted breeding techniques are discussed, including controlled hybridization and the use of molecular markers to accelerate the selection of genotypes of interest. In the field of molecular biotechnology, studies related to the identification of key genes, the development of genetic markers (e.g., SSRs and SNPs), and the omics characterization of chestnut are reviewed. The use of micropropagation techniques for the clonal multiplication of elite individuals is also included. Furthermore, advances in genetic modifications are explored, highlighting the introduction of resistance genes through transgenic and cisgenic approaches, as well as emerging technologies such as CRISPR\/Cas9. In the future, the integration of classical breeding with advanced genomics will enable the precise selection and accelerated development of European chestnut varieties, combining traditional trait improvement with genomic tools such as marker-assisted selection, genomic prediction, and gene editing to enhance disease resistance and climate resilience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae12010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T14:05:22Z","timestamp":1766498722000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biotechnological Advances for Enhancing European Chestnut Resistance to Pests, Diseases, and Climate Change"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2685-6347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8864-0277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Serrazina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6863-3950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Pavese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2674-9111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Angela","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7009-9224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Mattioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Guglielmo Marconi, 05010 Porano, Italy"}]},{"given":"MaTeresa","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Mission of Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Sede de Santiago de Compostela, Avd. Vigo s\/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, La Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6293-3241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Pi\u00f1eiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Mission of Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Sede de Santiago de Compostela, Avd. Vigo s\/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, La Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cultigar Li\u00f1ares, Bri\u00f3n, 15865 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3165-9783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Cuenca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TRAGSA Group, Vivero de Maceda, Carretera Maceda-Baldrei, Km 2, 32700 Maceda, Ourense, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7431-844X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Moglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9503-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita Louren\u00e7o","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Avenida da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2839-8244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Corredoira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Mission of Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Sede de Santiago de Compostela, Avd. Vigo s\/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, La Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bounous, G. (2002). Francia. Il Castagno: Coltura, Ambiente ed Utilizazioni, Edagricole."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., De Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Durrant, T., and Mauri, A. (2016). Castanea sativa in Europe: Distribution, Habitat, Usage and Threats, European Atlas of Forest Tree Species."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, P., Colavolpe, M.B., Serrazina, S., and Costa, R.L. (2022). European and American Chestnuts: An Overview of the Main Threats and Control Efforts. Front. 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