{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T10:42:56Z","timestamp":1772620976203,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]],"date-time":"2023-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research","award":["Project PulpIng-H2020-PRIMA 2019\u2014Section 2\u2014Multi-topic 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project PulpIng-H2020-PRIMA 2019\u2014Section 2\u2014Multi-topic 2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horticulturae"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study employed the mixture design method to determine optimal solvent combinations, aiming to obtain refined extracts from squash peels with enhanced antioxidant properties. We optimized extraction solvents, focusing on recovering the total phenolic compounds (TPC) and increased antioxidant properties using a second-order polynomial equation through the response surface methodology (RSM). Six solvents (MeOH, Hexane, DCM, EtOAc, BuOH, and water) were assessed for their effects on TPC and antioxidant activity in preliminary experiments. The refined extracts underwent a HPLC analysis for a phenolic composition determination and were further evaluated for their antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. The results revealed a rich phenolic content in the refined extract from peels of Bejaoui landrace, primarily catechin (8.06 mg\/g dry extract (DE)), followed by epicatechin and kaempferol (5 mg\/g DE). Antibacterial tests against Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,\u00a0Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus showed significant antimicrobial activities, especially for Karkoubi and batati landraces, where the growth inhibitions were 99%, 96%, 97%, and 80% and 94%, 89%, 98%, and 96% for the respective bacteria. The peel extracts exhibited a negligible cytotoxicity on the RAW264.7 cell line, even at high concentrations. Our findings emphasize the potential antioxidant and antibacterial properties of peel extracts due to diverse phenolic compounds, suggesting the potential use of squash peels in the food and nutraceuticals industries as sources of natural antimicrobial agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9101111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T04:48:24Z","timestamp":1696826904000},"page":"1111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Improved Recovery of Antioxidant Compounds from Refined Pumpkin Peel Extract: A Mixture Design Method Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1951-0938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rim Ben","family":"Mansour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Center of Biotechnology Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6765-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanen","family":"Falleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Center of Biotechnology Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Nermine","family":"Nefzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Center of Biotechnology Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Sarra","family":"Dakhlaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Center of Biotechnology Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Sawssen","family":"Selmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Center of Biotechnology Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4376-0638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majdi","family":"Hammami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Center of Biotechnology Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9050-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0324-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon A.","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 Volos, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9852-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neji","family":"Tarchoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Agronomic Institute of ChottMariem, BP 47, Chott M\u00e9riem Sousse 4042, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Riadh","family":"Ksouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Center of Biotechnology Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138005","article-title":"Bioengineering of Biowaste to Recover Bioproducts and Bioenergy: A Circular Economy Approach towards Sustainable Zero-Waste Environment","volume":"319","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4375","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-022-01866-y","article-title":"Pumpkin Peel Valorization Using Green Extraction Technology to Obtain \u03b2-Carotene Fortified Mayonnaise","volume":"13","author":"Gungor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12330","article-title":"Fruit and Vegetable Waste: Bioactive Compounds, Their Extraction, and Possible Utilization","volume":"17","author":"Sagar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. 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