{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T14:32:44Z","timestamp":1763389964174,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hydrogen"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogen plays a central role in ensuring the fulfillment of the climate and energy goals established in the Paris Agreement. To implement sustainable and resilient hydrogen economies, it is essential to analyze the entire hydrogen value chain, following a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. To determine the current methodologies, approaches, and research tendencies adopted when performing LCA of hydrogen energy systems, a systematic literature analysis is carried out in the present study. The choices regarding the \u201cgoal and scope definition\u201d, \u201clife cycle inventory analysis\u201d, and \u201clife cycle impact assessment\u201d in 70 scientific papers were assessed. Based on the collected information, it was concluded that there are no similar LCA studies, since specificities introduced in the system boundaries, functional unit, production, storage, transportation, end-use technologies, geographical specifications, and LCA methodological approaches, among others, introduce differences among studies. This lack of harmonization triggers the need to define harmonization protocols that allow for a fair comparison between studies; otherwise, the decision-making process in the hydrogen energy sector may be influenced by methodological choices. Although initial efforts have been made, their adoption remains limited, and greater promotion is needed to encourage wider implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrogen6040096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T19:30:27Z","timestamp":1762198227000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Systematic Analysis of Life Cycle Assessments in Hydrogen Energy Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4554-2536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Sim\u00e3o","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0280-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Jorge","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7933-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Filipa","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Surra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HyLab-Green Hydrogen Collaborative Laboratory, Estr. Nacional 120-1, Sines Central Termoel\u00e9trica S\/N, 7520-089 Sines, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2015). Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations. T.I.A.S. No. 16-1104."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"International Renewable Energy Agency (2021). World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5 \u00b0C Pathway, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (2022). Global Hydrogen Trade to Meet the 1.5 \u00b0C Climate Goal: Part II\u2014Technology Review of Hydrogen Carriers, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (2022). 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