{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:46:41Z","timestamp":1760150801906,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"Basel Switzerland","reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["857202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["857202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.3390\/iecag2023-16279","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T03:51:54Z","timestamp":1704426714000},"page":"39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Robotic Pollinating Tools for Actinidia Crops"],"prefix":"10.3390","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5387-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8486-6113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5798-1298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8299-324X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012431108","article-title":"Global growth and stability of agricultural yield decrease with pollinator dependence","volume":"108","author":"Garibaldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s41055-016-0003-z","article-title":"Pollinators and global food security: The need for holistic global stewardship","volume":"1","author":"Vaage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Ethics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalifa, S.A., Elshafiey, E.H., Shetaia, A.A., El-Wahed, A.A.A., Algethami, A.F., Musharraf, S.G., AlAjmi, M.F., Zhao, C., Masry, S.H., and Abdel-Daim, M.M. (2021). Overview of bee pollination and its economic value for crop production. Insects, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12080688"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abou-Shaara, H.F. (2014). The foraging behaviour of honey bees, Apis mellifera: A review. Vet. Med., 59.","DOI":"10.17221\/7240-VETMED"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.115320","article-title":"Pollen limitation of plant reproduction: Pattern and process","volume":"36","author":"Knight","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232728","article-title":"Plant-pollinator interactions over 120 years: Loss of species, co-occurrence, and function","volume":"339","author":"Burkle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2022.108003","article-title":"Honeybees are far too insufficient to supply optimum pollination services in agricultural systems worldwide","volume":"335","author":"Mashilingi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cazzonelli, C., Anwar, S., Dingley, A., Vinoth, T., Liang, W., Sindel, B., George, L., Wang, C., and Happy, H. (2023). Sonic-induced cellular vibrations disrupt poricidal cone trichomes to boost tomato floral pollination. Research Square.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3198339\/v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2021.126420","article-title":"Strategic use of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) to increase the number and size of fruits in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa)","volume":"133","author":"David","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"61","article-title":"Importance of pollination for fruit size in kiwifruits","volume":"59","author":"Spinelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inf. Agrar."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2021.110533","article-title":"Pollination as a key management tool in crop production: Kiwifruit orchards as a study case","volume":"290","author":"Castro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broussard, M.A., Coates, M., and Martinsen, P. (2023). Artificial Pollination Technologies: A Review. Agronomy, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13051351"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salomon-Torres, R., Krueger, R., Garcia-Vazquez, J.P., Villa-Angulo, R., Villa-Angulo, C., Ortiz-Uribe, N., Sol-Uribe, J.A., and Samaniego-Sandoval, L. (2021). Date palm pollen: Features, production, extraction and pollination methods. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11030504"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.26786\/1920-7603(2014)8","article-title":"Pollination deficits in UK apple orchards","volume":"12","author":"Garratt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pollinat. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2020.107160","article-title":"Hand pollination, not pesticides or fertilizers, increases cocoa yields and farmer income","volume":"304","author":"Tscharntke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondo, J.M., Agre, P.A., Asiedu, R., Akoroda, M.O., and Asfaw, A. (2022). Optimum time for hand pollination in yam (Dioscorea spp.). PLoS One, 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.05.26.493634"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"76","article-title":"Impact of natural and hand-assisted pollination on cucumber fruit and seed yield","volume":"9","author":"Agbor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Uribe, N., Salom\u00f3n-Torres, R., and Krueger, R. (2019). Date palm status and perspective in Mexico. Agriculture, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture9030046"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Brain, C. (2012). Party Ballons Used to Pollinate Date Palms. ABC News, 11."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"267","article-title":"Assessing the efficiency of sponge and traditional methods of pollination in date palm","volume":"4","author":"Abdallah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Technol. B"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109808","article-title":"Design, development, and performance evaluation of a ducted fan date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pollinator","volume":"277","author":"Akhavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/15538362.2015.1102673","article-title":"Effects of artificial pollination using pollen suspension spray on nut and kernel quality of pistachio cultivar Owhadi","volume":"16","author":"Karimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Fruit Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hii, M.J., Abrahamson, J., and Jordan, P.J. (2003, January 10\u201312). Modelling of air flow and pollen collection by a single kiwifruit flower under wind and an air jet. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"KiwiPollen (2023, August 24). Kiwi Pollen Duster. Available online: https:\/\/www.kiwipollen.com\/kiwi-pollen-duster-dry\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"KiwiPollen (2023, August 24). Kiwi Pollen Mini Duster. Available online: https:\/\/www.kiwipollen.com\/kiwi-pollen-mini-duster-targeted-dry-application\/."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2023, August 24). Biot@c. Soffi@Polline. Available online: https:\/\/www.biotac.it\/soffiap.html."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.37855\/jah.2013.v15i03.40","article-title":"Spray pollination: An efficient and labour saving method for kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa A. Chev.) production","volume":"15","author":"Naik","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"401","article-title":"Mechanized technologies for scaffolding cultivation in the kiwifruit industry: A review","volume":"5","author":"Mu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Agric."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"KiwiPollen (2023, August 24). Pressure Sprayer 4 L with Backpack. Available online: https:\/\/www.kiwipollen.com\/pressure-sprayer-4-l-with-backpack-wet\/#."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2023, August 24). Biot@c. Spruzz@Polline. Available online: https:\/\/www.biotac.it\/Spruzzapolline.html."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"5205","article-title":"Effect of electrostatic force on mechanical pollination in green house crops","volume":"53","author":"Lukose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Mech. Asia"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"35","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de tres m\u00e9todos de polinizaci\u00f3n artificial en clones de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) CCN-51","volume":"34","year":"2016","journal-title":"Idesia"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Machinery, A. (2023, August 28). AgroPalm Machinery. Available online: https:\/\/www.agropalmsmachinery.com\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"PollenSmart (2023, August 28). PollenSmart. Available online: https:\/\/www.pollensmart.co.nz\/_files\/ugd\/3cb639_fb51e3c3c76e4f9ea9faca9a3f95564f.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"KiwiPollen (2023, August 28). Kiwi Pollen Quad Duster. Available online: https:\/\/www.kiwipollen.com\/kiwi-pollen-quad-duster-dry\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"KiwiPollen (2023, August 28). PollenAid ATV Sprayer. Available online: https:\/\/www.kiwipollen.com\/pollenaid-atv-sprayer\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"KiwiPollen (2023, August 28). PollenAid\u00ae Boom Sprayer. Available online: https:\/\/www.kiwipollen.com\/pollenaid-boom-sprayer-wet\/."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2023, August 28). Biot@c. Soffi@Polline TR. Available online: https:\/\/www.biotac.it\/soffiapolllineTR.html."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3233\/JBR-160138","article-title":"Kiwifruit pollination: The interaction between pollen quality, pollination systems and flowering stage","volume":"6","author":"Tacconi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Berry Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v120\/i3\/484-491","article-title":"Role of electrostatics in artificial pollination and future agriculture","volume":"120","author":"Khatawkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Edete (2023, August 28). Edete. Available online: https:\/\/www.edetepta.com\/_files\/ugd\/0ebd9f_96c6ddd103314a518f2153cea850632d.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, T., Zhang, S., Sheng, X., Wang, D., Gong, Y., and Li, W. (2016, January 19\u201321). An autonomous pollination robot for hormone treatment of tomato flower in greenhouse. Proceedings of the 2016 3rd international conference on systems and informatics (ICSAI), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSAI.2016.7810939"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2023.107762","article-title":"A novel pollination robot for kiwifruit flower based on preferential flowers selection and precisely target","volume":"207","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2022.07.014","article-title":"Identification of the operating position and orientation of a robotic kiwifruit pollinator","volume":"222","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2022.107114","article-title":"Design of a lightweight robotic arm for kiwifruit pollination","volume":"198","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2017.01.008","article-title":"Materially engineered artificial pollinators","volume":"2","author":"Chechetka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI16739-22","article-title":"Innovative and Effective Spray Method for Artificial Pollination of Date Palm Using Drone","volume":"57","author":"Alyafei","year":"2022","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., and Miyako, E. (2020). Soap bubble pollination. Iscience, 23.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101188"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazinani, M., Zarafshan, P., Dehghani, M., Etezadi, H., Vahdati, K., and Chegini, G. (2021, January 17\u201319). Modeling and Control of a Pollinator Flying Robot. Proceedings of the 2021 9th RSI International Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (ICRoM), Tehran, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRoM54204.2021.9663526"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Dropcopter (2023, August 30). Dropcopter. Available online: https:\/\/www.dropcopter.com\/."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.55417\/fr.2021009","article-title":"Evaluating the quality of kiwifruit pollinated with an autonomous robot","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Farming, A.A. (2023, August 30). Polly. Available online: https:\/\/www.arugga.com\/news\/arugga-to-start-deploying-pollination-robots-in-finland."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohi, N., Lassak, K., Watson, R., Strader, J., Du, Y., Yang, C., Hedrick, G., Nguyen, J., Harper, S., and Reynolds, D. (2018, January 1\u20135). Design of an autonomous precision pollination robot. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE\/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2018.8594444"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.060","article-title":"Development of strawberry pollination system using ultrasonic radiation pressure","volume":"51","author":"Shimizu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"}],"event":{"name":"The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Agronomy","acronym":"IECAG 2023"},"container-title":["The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Agronomy"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-9976\/27\/1\/39\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:45:35Z","timestamp":1760132735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-9976\/27\/1\/39"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["IECAG2023-16279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/iecag2023-16279","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]}}}