{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T08:24:41Z","timestamp":1776587081371,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]],"date-time":"2014-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Management decisions related with water quality in lakes and reservoirs require a combined land-water processes study approach. This study reports on an integrated watershed-reservoir modeling methodology: the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to estimate the nutrient input loads from the watershed, used afterwards as boundary conditions to the reservoir model, CE-QUAL-W2. The integrated modeling system was applied to the Torr\u00e3o reservoir and drainage basin. The objective of the study was to quantify the total maximum input load that allows the reservoir to be classified as mesotrophic. Torr\u00e3o reservoir is located in the T\u00e2mega River, one of the most important tributaries of the Douro River in Portugal. The watershed is characterized by a variety of land uses and urban areas, accounting for a total Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) discharge of ~100,000 p.e. According to the criteria defined by the National Water Institute (based on the WWTP Directive), the Torr\u00e3o reservoir is classified as eutrophic. Model estimates show that a 10% reduction in nutrient loads will suffice to change the state to mesotrophic, and should target primarily WWTP effluents, but also act on diffuse sources. The method applied in this study should provide a basis for water environmental management decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110303015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]],"date-time":"2014-03-12T07:14:58Z","timestamp":1394608498000},"page":"3015-3031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["From Eutrophic to Mesotrophic: Modelling Watershed Management Scenarios to Change the Trophic Status of  a Reservoir"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marcos","family":"Mateus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARETEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARETEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARETEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ramiro","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARETEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.10.019","article-title":"A statistical assessment of the impact of land uses on surface water quality indexes","volume":"101","author":"Seeboonruang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph2005010043","article-title":"Health risk assessment of cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins in drinking water","volume":"2","author":"Falconer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2004.05.001","article-title":"Implementing river water quality modelling issues in mesoscale watershed models for water policy demands\u2014An overview on current concepts, deficits, and future tasks","volume":"29","author":"Horn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5995","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.11.5995","article-title":"Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion: The need for sustainable and efficient practices","volume":"96","author":"Tilman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(00)00235-8","article-title":"Are agricultural land-use models able to predict changes in land-use intensity?","volume":"82","author":"Lambin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agr. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4170","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9114170","article-title":"A statistical assessment of the impact of agricultural land use intensity on regional surface water quality at multiple scales","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02695966","article-title":"A water quality for the Patuxent Estuary: Current conditions and predictions under changing land-use scenarios","volume":"26","author":"Lung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.01.014","article-title":"Tailoring dam structures to water quality predictions in new reservoir projects: Assisting decision-making using numerical modeling","volume":"91","author":"Marce","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4504","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9124504","article-title":"Simulation of water environmental capacity and pollution load reduction using qual2k for water environmental management","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-009-9446-x","article-title":"Applicability of adapted reservoir operation for water stress mitigation under dry year conditions","volume":"24","author":"Olsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1134\/S0097807812040045","article-title":"Diagnostic modelling of within-water processes in reservoirs","volume":"39","author":"Edelshtein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"5119","article-title":"Rainfall-runoff modeling in a watershed scale using an object oriented approach based on the concepts of system dynamics","volume":"27","author":"Ghashghaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9103724","article-title":"An integrated risk management model for source water protection areas","volume":"9","author":"Chiueh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Organization for the Economic Cooperation and Development (1982). Europhication of Waters: Monitorign Assement and Control, Organization for the Economic Cooperation and Development."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Instituto da \u00c1gua (2002). Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o da Directiva Relativa Ao Tatamento Das \u00c1guas Residuais Urbanas Em Portugal, Instituto da \u00c1gua."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(1988)114:2(317)","article-title":"Application of two-dimensional water quality model","volume":"114","author":"Martin","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng. ASCE"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1998.0124","article-title":"Coliform transport in Pristine Reservoir: Modeling and field studies","volume":"37","author":"Garvey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1998.0161","article-title":"Development of water quality management strategies for the proposed Isikli Reservoir","volume":"37","author":"Gunduz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4754(99)00146-9","article-title":"Comparison of two-dimensional, laterally averaged hydrodynamic model application to the Swan River Estuary","volume":"51","author":"Kurup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Simul."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03684.x","article-title":"Water quality modeling for the Feitsui Reservoir in northern Taiwan","volume":"39","author":"Kuo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2005.03.006","article-title":"Eutrophication modelling of reservoirs in Taiwan","volume":"21","author":"Kuo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Modelling Softw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-013-0263-x","article-title":"Multiobjective calibration of reservoir water quality modeling using Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO)","volume":"27","author":"Afshar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Cole, T.M., and Buchak, E. (1995). CE-QUAL-W2: A Two-Dimensional, Laterally Averaged, Hydrodynamics and Water Quality Model, Version 2.0, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Cole, T.M., and Wells, S.A. (2000). Hydrodynamic Modeling with Application to CE-QUAL-W2. Workshop Notes, Portland State University."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Neitsch, S.L., Arnold, J.G., Kiniry, J.R., and Williams, J.R. (2005). Soil and Water Assessment Tool. User\u2019s Manual. Version 2005, Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-013-0317-0","article-title":"Hydrological simulation by SWAT model with fixed and varied parameterization approaches under land use change","volume":"27","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-012-9989-0","article-title":"Optimizing structural best management practices using SWAT and genetic algorithm to improve water quality goals","volume":"26","author":"Kaini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-012-0215-x","article-title":"Application of the SWAT model for a tile-drained lowland catchment in North-Eastern Germany on subbasin scale","volume":"27","author":"Koch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-012-0064-7","article-title":"Hydrologic and water quality modeling of lower nestos river basin","volume":"26","author":"Boskidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-011-9939-2","article-title":"Influence of reservoir operation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River (China) on the inflow and outflow regime of the TGR-based on the improved SWAT model","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(79)90130-6","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis of the penman-monteith actual evapotranspiration estimates","volume":"44","author":"Beven","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m Database. Available online:http:\/\/srtm.csi.cgiar.org."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1986.03615995005000040039x","article-title":"Estimating generalized soil-water characteristics from texture","volume":"50","author":"Saxton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-008-9692-1","article-title":"Agricultural impacts on lake and stream water quality in Grand Lake St. Marys, western Ohio","volume":"193","author":"Hoorman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Poll."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1080\/07438140509354440","article-title":"Effects of catchment development on the trophic status of a deep and a shallow reservoir in Portugal","volume":"21","author":"Matias","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lake Reserv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.23818\/limn.12.10","article-title":"Total phosphorus as an indicator of trophic state of Portuguese reservoirs","volume":"12","author":"Boavida","year":"1996","journal-title":"Limnetica"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/10402381.2013.845804","article-title":"Modeling water quality in reservoirs used for angling competition: Can groundbait contribute to eutrophication?","volume":"29","author":"Amaral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lake Reserv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2013.248","article-title":"Parameter estimation for eutrophication models in reservoirs","volume":"68","author":"Vieira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/3\/3015\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:09Z","timestamp":1760216949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/3\/3015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph110303015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph110303015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]}}}