{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:34:42Z","timestamp":1767918882104,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Directorate-General for Health (DGS), National Program for the Prevention and Control of HIV\/AIDS Infection","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sub-Saharan African migrants (SSAMs) have been disproportionately affected by infectious disease burden. We aimed to identify correlates of HIV, past sexually transmitted infection (STI) and past Tuberculosis infection (TB), as well as examine HIV seropositivity unawareness and testing history among SSAMs. A venue-based sample of 790 SSAMs completed a cross-sectional biobehavioral survey on sexual practices, HIV testing and self-reported infectious diseases; an HIV rapid test was offered. Overall, 5.4% of participants were HIV-positive and 16.7% reported a past STI. Odds of being HIV positive or having a past STI were higher among participants with low socioeconomic status and who experienced violence from a partner. Increased odds of having a past STI were also found among long-term migrants and those who reported sexual risk behaviors. In total, 4.1% of participants had TB in the past; these were more likely male and HIV positive. Unawareness of HIV-positive status was notably high (35%). Half of the participants had never been tested for HIV before, including over a third of those who had STI or TB in the past. Efforts are needed to reduce missed opportunities for HIV\/STIs prevention and uptake of HIV testing among SSAMs through more integrated care, while addressing social determinants of infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16152710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T11:15:56Z","timestamp":1564485356000},"page":"2710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Are Opportunities Being Missed? Burden of HIV, STI and TB, and Unawareness of HIV among African Migrants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Nacional de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Nacional de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4393-8387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0698-6408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Reigado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GAT\u2014Grupo de Ativistas em Tratamentos, 1000-228 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Em\u00edlia","family":"Carreiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AJPAS\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Interven\u00e7\u00e3o Comunit\u00e1ria, Desenvolvimento Social e de Sa\u00fade, 2700-327 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AJPAS\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Interven\u00e7\u00e3o Comunit\u00e1ria, Desenvolvimento Social e de Sa\u00fade, 2700-327 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Pinto Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ser + - Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa para a Preven\u00e7\u00e3o e Desafio \u00e0 Sida, 2750-783 Cascais, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, June 07). World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe Report on the Health of Refugees and Migrants in the WHO European Region: No Public Health without Refugee and Migrant Health. Available online: http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/publications\/abstracts\/report-on-the-health-of-refugees-and-migrants-in-the-who-european-region-no-public-health-without-refugee-and-migrant-health-2018."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2019, June 07). World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe Regional Committee for Europe 66th Session\u2014Strategy and Action Plan for Refugee and Migrant Health in the WHO European Region, Available online: http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/about-us\/governance\/regional-committee-for-europe\/past-sessions\/66th-session\/documentation\/working-documents\/eurrc668-strategy-and-action-plan-for-refugee-and-migrant-health-in-the-who-european-region."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2019, May 15). Population Division. International Migration Report\u2014Highlights ST\/ESA\/SER, 2017. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/international-migration-report-2017.html."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2018, December 26). United Nations International Migrant Stock 2017: Graphs. Available online: http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/migration\/data\/estimates2\/estimatesgraphs.shtml?2g2."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), and World Health Organization (WHO) (2019, May 12). Regional Office for Europe HIV\/AIDS Surveillance in Europe\u20142017 Data, 2018, Available online: https:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/hivaids-surveillance-europe-2018-2017-data."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2018). Annual Epidemiological Report for 2016: HIV and AIDS."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral da Sa\u00fade (DGS) (2018, December 20). Programa Nacional Para a Infe\u00e7\u00e3o VIH Infe\u00e7\u00e3o VIH e SIDA: Desafios e Estrat\u00e9gias, 2018, Available online: https:\/\/www.dgs.pt\/documentos-e-publicacoes\/infecao-vih-e-sida-desafios-e-estrategias-2018.aspx."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral da Sa\u00fade (DGS) (2019, January 05). Programa Nacional Para a Tuberculose Tuberculose em Portugal: Desafios e Estrat\u00e9gias, 2018, Available online: https:\/\/www.dgs.pt\/em-destaque\/tuberculose-em-portugal-desafios-e-estrategias-pdf.aspx."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"50","article-title":"Social profile of the highest tuberculosis incidence areas in Portugal","volume":"22","author":"Franco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Pneumol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Servi\u00e7o de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (SEF) (2018, September 15). Relat\u00f3rio de Imigra\u00e7\u00e3o, Fronteiras e Asilo 2017, Available online: https:\/\/www.sef.pt\/pt\/pages\/conteudo-detalhe.aspx?nID=92."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Martins, H.C., and Aldir, I. (2018, September 06). Infe\u00e7\u00e3o VIH e SIDA: A Situa\u00e7\u00e3o em Portugal a 31 de Dezembro de 2017. Available online: http:\/\/repositorio.insa.pt\/bitstream\/10400.18\/5666\/5\/INSA_Relatorio_VIH_e_SIDA_2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral da Sa\u00fade (DGS) (2019, February 14). Infe\u00e7\u00e3o por VIH, SIDA e Tuberculose em n\u00fameros\u20142015, Available online: http:\/\/www.pnvihsida.dgs.pt\/estudos-e-estatisticas111111\/relatorios1\/portugal-infecao-vih-sida-e-tuberculose-em-numeros-2015-pdf.aspx."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2019, June 07). World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe Poverty and Social Exclusion in the WHO European Region: Health Systems Respond, 2010. Available online: http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0006\/115485\/E94018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2014). Tecnhical Report\u2014Assessing the Burden of Key Infectious Diseases Affecting Migrant Populations in the EU\/EEA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fakoya, I., \u00c1lvarez-del Arco, D., Woode-Owusu, M., Monge, S., Rivero-Montesdeoca, Y., Delpech, V., Rice, B., Noori, T., Pharris, A., and Amato-Gauci, A.J. (2015). A systematic review of post-migration acquisition of HIV among migrants from countries with generalised HIV epidemics living in Europe: Mplications for effectively managing HIV prevention programmes and policy. BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1852-9"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000957","article-title":"Is hardship during migration a determinant of HIV infection? Results from the ANRS PARCOURS study of sub-Saharan African migrants in France","volume":"30","author":"Pannetier","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2019, March 14). Regional Office for Europe Migration and Health: Key Issues. Available online: http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/health-determinants\/migration-and-health\/migrant-health-in-the-european-region\/migration-and-health-key-issues."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rppnen.2017.11.003","article-title":"Tuberculosis, social determinants and co-morbidities (including HIV)","volume":"24","author":"Duarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2011). Migrant Health: HIV Testing and Counselling in Migrant Populations and Ethnic Minorities in EU\/EEA\/EFTA Member States."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.6841","article-title":"Differences in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care and Treatment Among Subpopulations in the United States","volume":"173","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosano, A., Dauvrin, M., Buttigieg, S.C., Ronda, E., Tafforeau, J., and Dias, S. (2017). Migrant\u2019s access to preventive health services in five EU countries. BMC Health Serv. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2549-9"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2013.04.007","article-title":"Proficiency in Condom Use Among Migrant Workers","volume":"25","author":"Rubens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2016). International Labour Office Promoting a Rights-Based Approach to Migration, Health, and HIV and AIDS: A Framework for Action, International Labour Office."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60164-1","article-title":"HIV infection: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"384","author":"Maartens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a017871","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017871","article-title":"Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection","volume":"5","author":"Bruchfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1108\/IJHRH-01-2014-0002","article-title":"Challenges in recruiting hard-to-reach populations focusing on Latin American recent immigrants","volume":"8","author":"Vahabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Rights Healthc."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"INE|SEF\/MAI (2019, July 25). Popula\u00e7\u00e3o Estrangeira Com Estatuto Legal de Residente: Total e Por Algumas Nacionalidades. Available online: https:\/\/www.pordata.pt\/DB\/Municipios\/Ambiente+de+Consulta\/Tabela."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5845218","article-title":"Implementation Process and Impacts of a Participatory HIV Research Project with Key Populations","volume":"2018","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216222","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/116.S1.216","article-title":"A Venue-Based Method for Sampling Hard-to-Reach Populations","volume":"116","author":"Muhib","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, S., Gama, A., Abrantes, P., Gomes, I., Fonseca, M., Reigado, V., Sim\u00f5es, D., Carreiras, E., Mora, C., and Pinto Ferreira, A. (2019). Patterns of Sexual Risk Behavior, HIV Infection, and Use of Health Services Among Sub-Saharan African Migrants in Portugal. J. Sex Res., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2019.1601154"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2018, December 27). UNAIDS Country Factsheets. Available online: http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/portugal."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loos, J., Nostlinger, C., Vuylsteke, B., Deblonde, J., Ndungu, M., Kint, I., Manirankunda, L., Reyniers, T., Adobea, D., and Laga, M. (2017). First HIV prevalence estimates of a representative sample of adult sub-Saharan African migrants in a European city. Results of a community-based, cross-sectional study in. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174677"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavares, A.M., Fronteira, I., Couto, I., Machado, D., Viveiros, M., Abecasis, A.B., and Dias, S. (2017). HIV and tuberculosis co-infection among migrants in Europe: A systematic review on the prevalence, incidence and mortality. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185526"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2018, October 20). The Status of the HIV Response in the European Union\/European Economic Area, 2016: Dublin Declaration Report. Available online: https:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/status-hiv-response-european-unioneuropean-economic-area-2016."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Op de Coul, E.L.M., Schreuder, I., Conti, S., van Sighem, A., Xiridou, M., Van Veen, M.G., and Heijne, J.C.M. (2015). Changing Patterns of Undiagnosed HIV Infection in the Netherlands: Who Benefits Most from Intensified HIV Test and Treat Policies?. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133232"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1511-x","article-title":"Health Services Use and HIV Prevalence Among Migrant and National Female Sex Workers in Portugal: Are We Providing the Services Needed?","volume":"21","author":"Dias","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014608","article-title":"Prevention and assessment of infectious diseases among children and adult migrants arriving to the European Union\/European Economic Association: A protocol for a suite of systematic reviews for public health and health systems","volume":"7","author":"Pottie","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.5519","article-title":"Acceptability of a Community-Based Outreach HIV-Testing Intervention Using Oral Fluid Collection Devices and Web-Based HIV Test Result Collection Among Sub-Saharan African Migrants: A Mixed-Method Study","volume":"2","author":"Loos","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMIR Public Heal. Surveill."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21767\/2572-5483.100006","article-title":"Sexual Risk Behavior and its Change among HIV-Positive Persons after Notifying their HIV Infection Status: A Retrospective Survey","volume":"1","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Butler, W.T., and Eng, T.R. (1997). Factors that contribute to hidden epidemic. The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1673-1","article-title":"Identifying Patterns of Social and Economic Hardship Among Structurally Vulnerable Women: A Latent Class Analysis of HIV\/STI Risk","volume":"21","author":"Brantley","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9625-y","article-title":"Social Stability and Health: Exploring Multidimensional Social Disadvantage","volume":"89","author":"German","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Urban Heal."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300802423224","article-title":"The intersection of intimate partner violence against women and HIV\/AIDS: A review","volume":"15","author":"Campbell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Inj. Contr. Saf. Promot."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00270-1","article-title":"The intersections of HIV and violence: Directions for future research and interventions","volume":"50","author":"Maman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-012-9644-0","article-title":"Interpersonal Violence Among Immigrants in Portugal","volume":"15","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Heal."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511423240","article-title":"The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Women\u2019s Condom Negotiation Efficacy","volume":"27","author":"Swan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801216628690","article-title":"Association Between Intimate Partner Violence Against Women and HIV-Risk Behaviors","volume":"22","author":"Shrestha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30211-6","article-title":"Prevalence and circumstances of forced sex and post-migration HIV acquisition in sub-Saharan African migrant women in France: An analysis of the ANRS-PARCOURS retrospective population-based study","volume":"3","author":"Pannetier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Public Heal."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12039","article-title":"Gender-Based Violence and HIV: Reviewing the Evidence for Links and Causal Pathways in the General Population and High-risk Groups","volume":"69","author":"Dunkle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051697","article-title":"Risk-taking behaviours and HIV infection among sex workers in Portugal: Results from a cross-sectional survey","volume":"91","author":"Dias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001571","article-title":"High levels of postmigration HIV acquisition within nine European countries","volume":"31","author":"Fakoya","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"30065","article-title":"Sub-Saharan African migrants living with HIV acquired after migration, France, ANRS PARCOURS study, 2012 to 2013","volume":"20","author":"Pannetier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marceca, M. (2017). Migration and health from a public health perspective. People\u2019s Movements in the 21st Century\u2014Risks, Challenges and Benefits, INTECH.","DOI":"10.5772\/67013"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-557X.152854","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of sexually transmitted infections (stis) among male migrant factory workers in Haryana, North India","volume":"59","author":"Kant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2013.840952","article-title":"Acculturation and HIV-related sexual behaviours among international migrants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cks130","article-title":"HIV testing and counselling for migrant populations living in high-income countries: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Monge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Alvarez-del Arco, D., Fakoya, I., Monge, S., Gennotte, A., Touloumi, G., and Zuure, F. (2015, January 21\u201324). HIV acquisition among migrants living in Europe: Results from aMASE-advancing migrant access to health services in Europe. Proceedings of the 5th European AIDS Conference, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cku208","article-title":"Tuberculosis among migrant populations in the European Union and the European Economic Area","volume":"25","author":"Odone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002119","article-title":"Sex Differences in Tuberculosis Burden and Notifications in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Horton","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14476.2","article-title":"Factors influencing the higher incidence of tuberculosis among migrants and ethnic minorities in the UK","volume":"7","author":"Hayward","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1191\/1474474006cgj376oa","article-title":"Germs, genes and postcolonial geographies: Reading the return of tuberculosis to Leicester, UK, 2001","volume":"13","author":"Bell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cult. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036797","article-title":"Lack of knowledge of HIV status a major barrier to HIV prevention, care and treatment efforts in Kenya: Results from a nationally representative study","volume":"7","author":"Cherutich","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/15\/2710\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:11:03Z","timestamp":1760188263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/15\/2710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16152710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16152710","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]]}}}