{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:51:46Z","timestamp":1777387906478,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The MIND&amp;GAIT Project is funded by the COMPETE 2020 program under the Scientific and Technological Research Support System, with an incentive of European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-023822 (MIND&GAIT)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-023822 (MIND&GAIT)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Older adults experience physical and psychological declines affecting independency. Adapted and structured combined interventions composed of cognitive stimulation and physical exercise contribute to comorbidities\u2019 reduction. Methods: Multicenter single-blinded two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial conducted to assess effectiveness of a combined intervention (CI), composed of a cognitive stimulation program (CSP) and a physical exercise program (PEP), on psychological and physical capacities of frail older adults as to on their activities of daily living. Were recruited 50 subjects from two elderly end-user organizations. Of these, 44 (65.9% females, mean age of 80.5 \u00b1 8.47 years) were considered eligible, being randomly allocated in experimental (EG) or control group (CG). Data collected at baseline and post-intervention. EG received CI three times a week during 12 weeks. CG received standard care. Non-parametric measures were considered. Results: At baseline, groups were equivalent for study outcomes. The comparison of pre- and post-intervention data revealed that subjects receiving CI reduced depressive symptomatology and risk of fall based on gait and balance, and improved gait speed. Simultaneously, in the CG a significant decline on activities of daily living was observed. Significant results were found among biomechanical parameters of gait (BPG). EG\u2019 effect size revealed to be small (0.2 \u2264 r &lt; 0.5). CG\u2019 effect size was also small; but for activities of daily living there was an evident decrease. Conclusion: The CI is effective on managing older adults\u2019 psychological and physical capacities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16173125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T11:23:18Z","timestamp":1566991398000},"page":"3125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effectiveness of a Combined Intervention on Psychological and Physical Capacities of Frail Older Adults: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3050-4264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ap\u00f3stolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing, Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), The Health Sciences Research Unit, a Collaborator of The PORTUGAL Centre for Evidence-Based Practice: A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Centre of Excellence (PCEBP), 3046-851 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9035-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Dixe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (IPLeiria), 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5889-5642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Bobrowicz-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing, Nursing School of Coimbra, The Health Sciences Research Unit, 3046-851 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9350-8190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim\u00f3teo","family":"Areosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (IPLeiria), 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7188-8383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Santos-Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Sciences School of Rio Maior (ESDRM), Polytechnic Institute of Santar\u00e9m (IPSantar\u00e9m), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance-Faculty of Human Kinetics-University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0091-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Bra\u00fana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (IPLeiria), 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (IPLeiria), 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing, Nursing School of Coimbra, The Health Sciences Research Unit, 3046-851 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance-Faculty of Human Kinetics-University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing, Nursing School of Coimbra, The Health Sciences Research Unit, 3046-851 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9895-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing, Nursing School of Coimbra, The Health Sciences Research Unit, 3046-851 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). 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