{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T12:06:13Z","timestamp":1772280373721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04546\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04546\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Health promotion and inequality reduction are specific goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda, which are interconnected with several dimensions of life. This work proposes a composite index SEHVI\u2014socioeconomic health vulnerability index\u2014to address Portuguese population socioeconomic determinants that affect health outcomes. Variables composing SEHVI are aligned with the sustainable development goals considering data and times series availability to enable progress monitoring, and variables adequacy to translate populations\u2019 life conditions affecting health outcomes. Data for 35 variables and three periods were collected from official national databases. All variables are part of one of the groups: Health determinants (social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors) and health outcomes (mortality indicators). Variables were standardized and normalized by \u201cDistance to a reference\u201d method and then aggregated into the SEHVI formula. Several statistical procedures for validation of SEHVI revealed the internal consistency of the index. For all municipalities, SEHVI was calculated and cartographically represented. Results were analyzed by statistical tests and compared for three years and territory typologies. SEHVI differences were found as a function of population density, suggesting inequalities of communities\u2019 life conditions and in vulnerability to health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T11:05:18Z","timestamp":1572001518000},"page":"4121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Measuring Health Vulnerability: An Interdisciplinary Indicator Applied to Mainland Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1803-6098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisela M.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2777-2372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo Guedes","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0274-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Sciences Faculty, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5117-2326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Cabeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Sciences Faculty, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Pontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7006-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Leandro","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2724-0675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Calheiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Sciences Faculty, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Esmeralda","family":"Barreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Sciences Faculty, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Lung Clinic\u2014Portuguese Oncology Institute Francisco Gentil, EPE (IPO-Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/6.3.217","article-title":"The concepts and principles of equity and health","volume":"6","author":"Whitehead","year":"1991","journal-title":"Health Promot. 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