{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:37:36Z","timestamp":1772789856060,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioimpedance standards are well established for the normal healthy population and in clinical settings, but they are not available for many sports categories. The aim of this study was to develop reference values for male and female athletes using classic bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA). In this study, 1556 athletes engaged in different sports were evaluated during their off-season period. A tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analyzer was used to determine measurements of resistance (R) and reactance (Xc). The classic BIVA procedure, which corrects bioelectrical values for body height, was applied, and fat-free mass, fat mass, and total body water were estimated. In order to verify the need for specific references, classic bioelectrical values were compared to the reference values for the general male and female populations. Additionally, athletes were divided into three groups: endurance, velocity\/power, and team sports. In comparison with the general healthy male and female populations, the mean vectors of the athletes showed a shift to the left on the R\u2013Xc graph. Considering the same set of modalities, BIVA confidence graphs showed that male and female endurance athletes presented lower body fluids, fat mass, and fat-free mass than other sets of modalities. This study provides BIVA reference values for an athletic population that can be used as a standard for assessing body composition in male and female athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16245066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T11:06:41Z","timestamp":1576148801000},"page":"5066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Classic Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Reference Values for Assessing Body Composition in Male and Female Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3028-7802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Campa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40121 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5084-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannes","family":"Gatterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, 40121 Bolzano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Toselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40121 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3189-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josely C.","family":"Koury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Nutrition Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Andreoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00175 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Melchiorri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00175 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Luis B.","family":"Sardinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8984-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Analiza M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0321-9","article-title":"Structural and functional body components in athletic health and performance phenotypes","volume":"73","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. 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