{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:44:39Z","timestamp":1767624279893,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/BIA\/00329\/2020","UID\/Multi\/04046\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/BIA\/00329\/2020","UID\/Multi\/04046\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Egyptian mongoose is a carnivore mammal species that in the last decades experienced a tremendous expansion in Iberia, particularly in Portugal, mainly due to its remarkable ecological plasticity in response to land-use changes. However, this species may have a disruptive role on native communities in areas where it has recently arrived due to predation and the potential introduction of novel pathogens. We report reference information on the cultivable gut microbial landscape of widely distributed Egyptian mongoose populations (Herpestes ichneumon, n = 53) and related antimicrobial tolerance across environmental gradients. The panel of isolated species is consistent with the typical protein-based diet of a carnivore: Firmicutes predominate (89% of individuals), while Clostridiales, Enterobacteriales, and Lactobacillales are the major classes. Forty-one individuals (77.4%) harbour Clostridium spp. A spatial influence on mongooses\u2019 microbiota is confirmed by nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis, with a significant contribution of municipality to their microbiota composition. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of mongoose commensal bacteria to 28 compounds evidences xenobiotic tolerance of Escherichia coli (E. coli), enterococci, Salmonella Spartel and Mbandaka serotypes and Pseudomonas bacteria, among others. The common isolation of antimicrobial tolerant microbiota from the mongoose\u2019s gut suggests this species is exposed to anthropogenic influence and is affected by forestry and agricultural-related practices, reflecting its easy adaptation to ecological gradients across agroecosystems. We thus propose regular microbial and phenotypic resistance profiling of widely distributed mongooses as a sentinel tool for xenobiotics\u2019 lifecycle and ecosystem health in Portugal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T13:23:45Z","timestamp":1588166625000},"page":"3104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Gut Microbiota of the Egyptian Mongoose as an Early Warning Indicator of Ecosystem Health in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0401-0276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica V.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV, IP), Wildlife, Hunting and Biodiversity R&amp;D Unit, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Biosystems &amp; Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV, IP), Wildlife, Hunting and Biodiversity R&amp;D Unit, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Themudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV, IP), Wildlife, Hunting and Biodiversity R&amp;D Unit, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia &amp; CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2181-3372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Bandeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia &amp; CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4186-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds M.","family":"Rosalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia &amp; CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1978","article-title":"Worlds within worlds: Evolution of the vertebrate gut microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Ley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. 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