{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:53:23Z","timestamp":1771919603978,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013288","name":"LIFE programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIFE15 ENV\/PT\/000674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIFE15 ENV\/PT\/000674"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/102944\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/102944\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IST-ID\/098\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IST-ID\/098\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and heat-not-burn tobacco (HNBT), as popular nicotine delivery systems (NDS), has increased among adult demographics. This study aims to assess the effects on indoor air quality of traditional tobacco cigarettes (TCs) and new smoking alternatives, to determine the differences between their potential impacts on human health. Measurements of particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10), black carbon, carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were performed in two real life scenarios, in the home and in the car. The results indicated that the particle emissions from the different NDS devices were significantly different. In the home and car, the use of TCs resulted in higher PM10 and ultrafine particle concentrations than when e-cigarettes were smoked, while the lowest concentrations were associated with HNBT. As black carbon and CO are released by combustion processes, the concentrations of these two pollutants were significantly lower for e-cigarettes and HNBT because no combustion occurs when they are smoked. CO2 showed no increase directly associated with the NDS but a trend linked to a higher respiration rate connected with smoking. The results showed that although the levels of pollutants emitted by e-cigarettes and HNBT are substantially lower compared to those from TCs, the new smoking devices are still a source of indoor air pollutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T10:53:59Z","timestamp":1589540039000},"page":"3455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Passive Exposure to Pollutants from a New Generation of Cigarettes in Real Life Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Savdie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (C2TN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela-LRS, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0856-8448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Canha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (C2TN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela-LRS, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Buitrago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (C2TN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela-LRS, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8506-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana Marta","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (C2TN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela-LRS, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking: 50 Years of Progress, A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.284692","article-title":"Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980\u20132012","volume":"311","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30073-4","article-title":"Global burden of Stroke and Risk Factors in 188 Countries, During 1990\u20132013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"15","author":"Feigin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2012). Harmful and potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke; established list. Fed. Regist., 77, e20034\u2013e20037."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2004). Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, IARC. Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-303109","article-title":"Environmental tobacco smoke and asthma exacerbations and severity: The difference between measured and reported exposure","volume":"98","author":"McCarville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-305444","article-title":"Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of allergic sensitisation in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Feleszko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunbar, Z.R., Giovino, G., Wei, B., O\u2019connor, R.J., Goniewicz, M.L., and Travers, M.J. (2020). Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free spaces by smokers: Results from the 2014\u20132015 population assessment on tobacco and health study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030978"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2016.06.005","article-title":"Comparison of the impact of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 and a cigarette on indoor air quality","volume":"80","author":"Mitova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-1107","article-title":"Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"166","author":"Shahab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-019-02167-4","article-title":"Health impact of electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco systems","volume":"14","author":"Polosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.04.012","article-title":"Acute impact of tobacco vs electronic cigarette smoking on oxidative stress and vascular function","volume":"150","author":"Carnevale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.03.569","article-title":"Electronic cigarette smoking increases aortic stiffness and blood pressure in young smokers","volume":"67","author":"Vlachopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9271","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00710","article-title":"Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes: Assessing Vapers\u2019 Intake of Toxic Compounds, Secondhand Exposures, and the Associated Health Impacts","volume":"51","author":"Logue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040119-094043","article-title":"Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Indoor Air Quality and Health","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-054104","article-title":"iQOS: Evidence of pyrolysis and release of a toxicant from plastic","volume":"28","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tobac. Contr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"56","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes and vaping: A new challenge in clinical medicine and public health. A literature review","volume":"1","author":"Palazzolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Public Heal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160379","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0379","article-title":"E-Cigarettes and Future Cigarette Use","volume":"138","author":"Urman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenssen, B.P., and Boykan, R. (2019). Electronic Cigarettes and Youth in the United States: A Call to Action (at the Local, National and Global Levels). Children, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/children6020030"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"235","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes and indoor air quality: A review of studies using human volunteers","volume":"32","author":"Zulkifli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callahan-Lyon, P. (2014). Electronic cigarettes: Human health effects. Tob. Control, 23.","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051470"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.1419","article-title":"Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Cigarettes","volume":"177","author":"Auer","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2017.1300231","article-title":"Environmental pollution and emission factors of electronic cigarettes, heat-not-burn tobacco products, and conventional cigarettes","volume":"51","author":"Ruprecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.11.003","article-title":"Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases FeNO levels of e-cigarette consumers","volume":"217","author":"Schober","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012011","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1064\/1\/012011","article-title":"Study on heat transfer process of a heat not burn tobacco product flow field","volume":"1064","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.01.003","article-title":"Passive exposure to pollutants from conventional cigarettes and new electronic smoking devices (IQOS, e-cigarette) in passenger cars","volume":"222","author":"Schober","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2014.04.012","article-title":"Comparative effects between electronic and cigarette smoke in human keratinocytes and epithelial lung cells","volume":"28","author":"Cervellati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.10.009","article-title":"A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes","volume":"69","author":"Pisinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Med. (Baltim)."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.07.014","article-title":"Second-hand smoke generated by combustion and electronic smoking devices used in real scenarios: Ultrafine particle pollution and age-related dose assessment","volume":"107","author":"Protano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty121","article-title":"Characterization of the Spatial and Temporal Dispersion Differences Between Exhaled E-Cigarette Mist and Cigarette Smoke","volume":"21","author":"Martuzevicius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2000.0670","article-title":"The chemical composition of atmospheric ultrafine particles","volume":"358","author":"Cass","year":"2000","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"137","article-title":"Second-hand aerosol from tobacco and electronic cigarettes: Evaluation of the smoker emission rates and doses and lung cancer risk of passive smokers and vapers","volume":"642","author":"Avino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.03.027","article-title":"Effects of design parameters and puff topography on heating coil temperature and mainstream aerosols in electronic cigarettes","volume":"134","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00763","article-title":"The toxicological mechanisms of environmental soot (black carbon) and carbon black: Focus on Oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways","volume":"8","author":"Niranjan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dautzenberg, B. (2018, January 14\u201316). Heated tobacco: Technology and nature of emissions. Proceedings of the 3rd ENSP-Cnpt International Conference on Tobacco Control 2018, Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.18332\/tpc\/91869"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.09623","article-title":"Nanoparticulate carbon black in cigarette smoke induces DNA cleavage and Th17-mediated emphysema","volume":"4","author":"You","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3975-x","article-title":"Influence of electronic cigarette vaping on the composition of indoor organic pollutants, particles, and exhaled breath of bystanders","volume":"26","author":"Marco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-087872-0.00505-9","article-title":"Biomass Power Generation","volume":"5","author":"Malmgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"51","article-title":"Comparison of Vital Lung Capacity between Smokers and Non-Smokers","volume":"8","author":"Sadjadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saddleback J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2010.07.0054","article-title":"Exposure to particulate matter in vehicle cabins of private cars","volume":"10","author":"Geiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Rodgman, A., and Perfetti, T.A. (2013). The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.60.2.130","article-title":"In-vehicle exposures to particulate matter and black carbon","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.03.045","article-title":"Children\u2019s exposure to sized-fractioned particulate matter and black carbon in an urban environment","volume":"155","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113547","article-title":"Particle exposure and inhaled dose while commuting in Lisbon","volume":"257","author":"Correia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.02.015","article-title":"Determinants of exposure to ultra fi ne particulate matter, black carbon, and PM2.5 in common travel modes in Istanbul","volume":"206","author":"Onat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.04.026","article-title":"Black carbon concentrations in California vehicles and estimation of in-vehicle diesel exhaust particulate matter exposures","volume":"38","author":"Fruin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2012-050531","article-title":"Particulate mass and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure from secondhand smoke in the back seat of a vehicle","volume":"23","author":"Northcross","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dirks, K.N., Talbot, N., Salmond, J.A., and Costello, S.B. (2018). In-cabin vehicle carbon monoxide concentrations under different ventilation settings. Atmosphere, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos9090338"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goh, C.C., Kamarudin, L.M., Shukri, S., Abdullah, N.S., and Zakaria, A. (2016, January 11\u201312). Monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) accumulation in vehicle cabin. Proceedings of the 2016 3rd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED), Phuket, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICED.2016.7804682"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/10\/3455\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:29:10Z","timestamp":1760174950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/10\/3455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17103455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17103455","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]}}}