{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T22:48:43Z","timestamp":1775170123848,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00447\/202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00447\/202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and aim: Monitoring bioelectric phase angle (PhA) provides important information on the health and the condition of the athlete. Together with the vector length, PhA constitutes the bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns, and their joint interpretation exceeds the limits of the evaluation of the PhA alone. The present investigation aimed to monitor changes in the BIVA patterns during a training macrocycle in swimmers, trying to ascertain if these parameters are sensitive to training load changes across a 13-week training period. Methods: Twelve national and international level swimmers (four females; eight males; 20.9 \u00b1 1.9 years; with a competitive swimming background of 11.3 \u00b1 1.8 years; undertaking 16\u201320 h of pool training and 4\u20135 h of dry-land training per week and 822.0 \u00b1 59.0 International Swimming Federation (FINA) points) were evaluated for resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) using a single frequency phase sensitive bioimpedance device at the beginning of the macrocycle (M1), just before the beginning of the taper period (M2), and just before the main competition of the macrocycle (M3). At the three-time assessment points, swimmers also performed a 50 m all-out first stroke sprint with track start (T50 m) while time was recorded. Results: The results of the Hotelling T2 test showed a significant vector displacement due to simultaneous R and Xc changes (p &lt; 0.001), where shifting from top to bottom along the major axis of the R-Xc graph from M1 to M2 was observed. From M2 to M3, a vector displacement up and left along the minor axis of the tolerance ellipses resulted in an increase in PhA (p &lt; 0.01). The results suggest a gain in fluid with a decrease in cellular density from M1 to M2 due to decrements in R and Xc. Nevertheless, the reduced training load characterizing taper seemed to allow for an increase in PhA and, most importantly, an increase of Xc, thus demonstrating improved cellular health and physical condition, which was concomitant with a significant increase in the T50 m performance (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: PhA, obtained by bioelectrical R and Xc, can be useful in monitoring the condition of swimmers preparing for competition. Monitoring BIVA patterns allows for an ecological approach to the swimmers\u2019 health and condition assessment without resorting to equations to predict the related body composition variables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T09:49:11Z","timestamp":1594028951000},"page":"4851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Bioimpedance Vector Patterns Changes in Response to Swimming Training: An Ecological Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-3665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana F.","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina N.","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3028-7802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Campa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 P.","family":"Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior de Ci\u00eancias Educativas, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Nata\u00e7\u00e3o, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Quaresma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior de Ci\u00eancias Educativas, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Curto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5478-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Toselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"Cristina P.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0180","article-title":"Modelling of optimal training load patterns during the 11 weeks preceding major competition in elite swimmers","volume":"42","author":"Hellard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. 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