{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T20:56:59Z","timestamp":1774817819381,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent advances in analytical chemistry have allowed a greater possibility of using quantitative approaches for measuring human exposure to chemicals. One of these approaches is biomonitoring (BM), which provides unequivocal evidence that both exposure and uptake of a chemical have taken place. BM has been a longstanding practice in occupational health for several reasons. BM integrates exposure from all routes. It can help identify unintentional and unexpected exposures and assess the effectiveness of existing risk-management measures. BM also provides relevant information to support policy development by delivering better evidence of workers\u2019 exposure to chemical substances, even within the framework of the present regulations. Thus, BM can allow for both the evaluation of the impact of regulation and identification of further needs for new or improved regulation. However, despite all these well-recognized advantages, BM is currently an underused exposure assessment tool. This paper provides an overview of the key aspects to be considered when using BM in the context of occupational health interventions. Additionally, this paper describes the potential of BM as an exposure assessment tool, distinguishing the role of BM in exposure assessment and health surveillance and clarifies ethical and communication aspects to guarantee that general data protection regulations are followed. In addition, actions and research needs are identified (particularly with reference to the European situation), which aim to encourage the increased use of BM as an exposure assessment tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T09:23:44Z","timestamp":1597310624000},"page":"5884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Biomonitoring as an Underused Exposure Assessment Tool in Occupational Safety and Health Context\u2014Challenges and Way Forward"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600\u2013560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169\u2013056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"H&amp;TRC\u2014Health &amp; Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1500\u2013310 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9505-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Zare Jeddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, 35100 Padova, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4490-6109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"B. Hopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisant\u00e9), University of Lausanne, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5718-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos","family":"Bessems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITO\u2014Flemish Institute for Technological Research, BE-2400 Mol, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Palmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIVM\u2014National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"S. Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Safety Executive (HSE), Harpur Hill, Buxton SK17 9JN, UK"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kujath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BAuA\u2014Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, D-10317 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9350-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu-Corneliu","family":"Duca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, National Health Laboratory, Dudelange, 3555 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Centre Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 03000 Flanders, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7952-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Verhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Nutrition Innovation Center for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK"}]},{"given":"Tiina","family":"Santonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FIOH\u2014Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, FI-00032 Ty\u00f6terveyslaitos, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9432-5708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Pasanen-Kase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), Labour Directorate Section Chemicals and Work (ABCH), 3003 Berne, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2019). Risk assessment forum, Guidelines for Human Exposure Assessment."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.05.001","article-title":"In collaboration with Biomonitoring for occupational health risk assessment (BOHRA)","volume":"192","author":"Manno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.01.007","article-title":"Human biomonitoring as a tool to support chemicals regulation in the European Union","volume":"220","author":"Ganzleben","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, J.W., and Koh, D. (2014). Chemical agents that cause occupational diseases. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118410868.wbehibs399"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Jongeneel, W.P., Eysink, P.E.D., Theodori, D., Hamberg-van Reenen, H.H., and Verhoeven, J.K. (2016). Work-Related Cancer in the European Union: Size, Impact and Options for Further Prevention."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0151-2","article-title":"The global burden of occupational disease","volume":"4","author":"Rushton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.05.009","article-title":"Human biomonitoring in health risk assessment in Europe: Current practices and recommendations for the future","volume":"222","author":"Louro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1511\/2004.45.921","article-title":"Human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals: Measuring chemicals in human tissue is the \u201cgold standard\u201d for assessing the people\u2019s exposure to pollution","volume":"92","author":"Sexton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (1993). Biomarkers and Risk Assessment: Concepts and Principles, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"National Research Council (2006). Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-009-0437-2","article-title":"Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels in offshore workers","volume":"83","author":"Hopf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2015.67","article-title":"The use of bio-monitoring to assess exposure in the electroplating industry","volume":"27","author":"Beattie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"EC (European Commission) (2019). Second Study to Collect Updated Information for a Limited Number of Chemical Agents with a View to Analyse the Health, Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts in Connection with Possible Amendments of Directive 2004\/37\/EC: Final Report, January 2017, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (1996). Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure in the Workplace: Guidelines, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"ILO (International Labour Organization) (1998). Technical and Ethical Guidelines for Workers\u2019 Health Surveillance, International Labour Organization."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) (2020). 2020 TLVs and BEIs Based on the Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, K. (2020). Human Biomonitoring in occupational health for exposure assessment. Port. J. Public Heath, 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1159\/000509480"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxy070","article-title":"Occupational exposure to mycotoxins: Current knowledge and prospects","volume":"62","author":"Viegas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Work. Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113548","article-title":"Biomonitoring of occupational exposure to phthalates: A systematic review","volume":"229","author":"Santonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(95)03276-2","article-title":"Exposure to complex mixtures: Implications for biological monitoring","volume":"77","author":"Ikeda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/216507999804600107","article-title":"Chemical mixtures in the workplace","volume":"46","author":"Childre","year":"1998","journal-title":"AAOHN J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladeira, C., Gajski, G., Meneses, M., Geri\u0107, M., and Viegas, S. (2020). The genotoxicity of an organic solvent mixture: A human biomonitoring study and translation of a real-scenario exposure to in vitro. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 104726.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104726"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.03.027","article-title":"The use of biomarkers in occupational health research, practice, and policy","volume":"213","author":"Schulte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-12-00173","article-title":"Recommendations for biomonitoring of emergency responders: Focus on occupational health investigations and occupational health research","volume":"178","author":"Decker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.07.011","article-title":"A proposal for assessing study quality: Biomonitoring, environmental epidemiology, and short-lived chemicals (BEES-C) instrument","volume":"73","author":"LaKind","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1515\/bimo-2016-0003","article-title":"Human biomonitoring\u2014An overview on biomarkers and their application in occupational and environmental health","volume":"3","author":"Ladeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomonitoring"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) (2017). Joint Task Force ECHA Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC) and Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) on Scientific Aspects and Methodologies Related to the Exposure of Chemicals at the Workplace: Final Version."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"SCOEL (Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits) (2017). Methodology for Derivation of Occupational Exposure Limits of Chemical Agents: The General Decision\u2014Making Framework of the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL)."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) (2017). Opinion of the Committee for Risk Assessment on the Evaluation of the Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) for 4,4\u2032-Methylene-Bis [2-chloroaniline] (MOCA)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"SCOEL (Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits) (2013). Methodology for the Derivation of Occupational Exposure Limits: Key Documentation: Version 7."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"EC (European Commission) (2020, June 10). Further Information about SCOEL\u2019s Involvement in Setting Occupational Exposure Limits. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/social\/main.jsp?catId=148&langId=pt&internal_pagesId=684&moreDocuments=yes&tableName=INTERNAL_PAGES."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"571","article-title":"Biological reference values for chemical compounds in the work area (BARs): An approach for evaluating biomonitoring data","volume":"85","author":"Schaller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_33.1","unstructured":"EC (European Commission) (2006). Registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals (REACH): Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_33.2","unstructured":"(EC) No. 1907\/2006 of the European parliament and of the council. Off. J. Eur. Commun., 396, 1-849."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) (2012). Characterisation of Dose [Concentration]: Response for Human Health."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1410","article-title":"Using biomonitoring equivalents to interpret human biomonitoring data in a public health risk context","volume":"29","author":"Hays","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2006.08.004","article-title":"Biomonitoring equivalents: A screening approach for interpreting biomonitoring results from a public health risk perspective","volume":"47","author":"Hays","year":"2007","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) (2019). Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment: Appendix to Chapter R.8: Guidance for Preparing a Scientific Report for Health-Based Exposure Limits at the Workplace."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1935.02760020006003","article-title":"Normal absorption and excretion of lead","volume":"104","author":"Kehoe","year":"1935","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.23.9.930","article-title":"Toxicity of organic fluorides","volume":"23","author":"Yant","year":"1933","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health Nations Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.01.024","article-title":"Human biomonitoring: State of the art","volume":"210","author":"Angerer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"ECHA, (European Chemicals Agency) (2016). Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment Chapter R.16: Environmental Exposure Assessment."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2016). Risk assessment forum, office of the science advisor, Guidelines for Human Exposure Assessment: Peer Review Draft."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6354","article-title":"Closing the research loop: A risk-based approach for communicating results of air pollution exposure studies","volume":"112","author":"Schwab","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108583","article-title":"Setting up a collaborative European human biological monitoring study on occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium","volume":"177","author":"Santonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1089\/env.2012.0017","article-title":"The three R\u2019s: How community based participatory research strengthens the rigor, relevance and reach of science","volume":"6","author":"Balazs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Justice"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s2155","article-title":"Community-based participatory research as a tool to advance environmental health sciences","volume":"110","author":"Dearry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-7-S1-S11","article-title":"Risk communication and human biomonitoring: Which practical lessons from the Belgian experience are of use for the EU perspective?","volume":"7","author":"Keune","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-6","article-title":"Toxic ignorance and right-to-know in biomonitoring results communication: A survey of scientists and study participants","volume":"8","author":"Brody","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"ICOH (International Commission on Occupational Health) (2012). International Code of Ethics for Occupational Health Professionals, International Commission on Occupational Health."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxx011","article-title":"Biological monitoring without limits","volume":"61","author":"Cocker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Work. Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.02.001","article-title":"Human biomonitoring with or without limits? Progress in the analysis of biomarkers of xenobiotics and some opportunities for improved interpretation","volume":"113","author":"Scheepers","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC-Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.8b00196","article-title":"Nontarget time trend screening in human blood","volume":"5","author":"Plassmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"077009","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2920","article-title":"A suspect screening method for characterizing multiple chemical exposures among a demographically diverse population of pregnant women in San Francisco","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-7-S1-S10","article-title":"Societal and ethical issues in human biomonitoring\u2014A view from science studies","volume":"7","author":"Bauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on Reproductive and Neurodevelopmental Toxicology (1989). Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2015.1060324","article-title":"Systems biology and biomarkers of early effects for occupational exposure limit setting","volume":"12","author":"Debord","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.029","article-title":"Non-precautionary aspects of toxicology","volume":"207","author":"Grandjean","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"165","article-title":"Biomarkers for human biomonitoring","volume":"Volume 30","author":"Conti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biological Monitoring: Theory and Applications: Bioindicators and Biomarkers for Environmental Quality and Human Exposure Assessment"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327115584990","article-title":"Measurement of cholinesterase enzyme activity before and after exposure to organophosphate pesticides in farmers of a suburb region of Mazandaran, a northern province of Iran","volume":"35","author":"Pakravan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky084","article-title":"Total blood carbon monoxide: Alternative to carboxyhemoglobin as biological marker for carbon monoxide poisoning determination","volume":"43","author":"Oliverio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8030629","article-title":"Combined toxic exposures and human health: Biomarkers of exposure and effect","volume":"8","author":"Silins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degen, G.H. (2008). The challenge to assess workplace related risks from mycotoxin exposure. Mycotoxin Res., 24.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03032336"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2011.1295","article-title":"Tools for investigating workplace-related risks from mycotoxin exposure","volume":"4","author":"Degen","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2016.1181047","article-title":"The effects of nanoparticles on the renal system","volume":"46","author":"Iavicoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108728","article-title":"Detect and re-assess impact of chemicals on health and environment during post-market evaluation","volume":"178","author":"Scheepers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"REACHLaw (2016). Chemical Safety Report: Public Version 17.05.2016, REACHLaw."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bevan, R., Brown, T., Matthies, F., Sams, C., Jones, K., Hanlon, J., and La Vedrine, M. (2017). Human biomonitoring data collection from occupational exposure to pesticides. EFSA Support. Publ., 14.","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1185"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"SAM (Scientific Advice Mechanism) (2018). Group of chief scientific advisors. Authorisation Process of Plant Protection Products in Europe: Scientific Opinion 5\/2018, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Koch, H., Kasper-Sonnenberg, M., and Bury, D. (2018). General Guidance for New Method Development within HBM4EU and Role of Task 9.3 Therein: Additional Deliverable AD 9.1: WP 9\u2014Laboratory Analysis and Quality Assurance."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/16\/5884\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:00:19Z","timestamp":1760176819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/16\/5884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17165884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17165884","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]}}}