{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:05:09Z","timestamp":1778695509125,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of the Russian Federation","award":["WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This umbrella review aimed to summarise the evidence presented in systematic reviews and meta-analyses regarding the effect of physical activity on academic achievement of school-age children and adolescents. Methods: A comprehensive electronic search for relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses were performed in Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and Latin American and Caribbean of Health Sciences Information System, and reference lists of the included studies, from inception to May 2020. Studies were included if they were systematic reviews or meta-analyses, included school-age children or adolescents, the intervention included physical activity, and the outcome was the academic achievement. Two independent authors screened the text of potentially eligible studies and assessed the methodological quality of the studies using the AMSTAR 2 tool. Results: Forty-one systematic reviews and meta-analyses that examined the effects of physical activity on children and adolescents\u2019 academic achievement were identified. Overall, the systematic reviews reported small positive or mixed associations between physical activity and academic achievement. From meta-analyses, it was observed that physical activity had null or small-to-medium positive effects on academic achievement. Chronic physical activity showed a medium positive effect on academic achievement, and acute physical activity did not demonstrate benefits. Conclusions: Physical activity seems not to be detrimental to school-age children and adolescents\u2019 academic achievement, and may, in fact, be beneficial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T21:58:53Z","timestamp":1597701533000},"page":"5972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Physical Activity and Academic Achievement: An Umbrella Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9623-9002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Whiting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 125009 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3929-4934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippa","family":"Simmonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8912-9588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Scotini Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3806-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romeu","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 125009 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8177-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Breda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 125009 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00001504-200503000-00013","article-title":"Exercise and well-being: A review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity","volume":"18","author":"Penedo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6407","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006407","article-title":"Association between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and fitness with health related quality of life in healthy children and adolescents: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2016). Physical Activity Strategy for the WHO European Region 2016-2025, WHO Regional Office for Europe."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.04.019","article-title":"Measured sedentary time and physical activity during the school day of European 10- to 12-year-old children: the ENERGY project","volume":"17","author":"Wulp","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018\u20132030: More Active People for Healthier World, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.09.027","article-title":"Can high schools be an effective setting to promote healthy lifestyles? effects of a multiple behavior change intervention in adolescents","volume":"64","author":"Sevil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdv084","article-title":"Reducing children\u2019s classroom sitting time using sit-to-stand desks: Findings from pilot studies in UK and Australian primary schools","volume":"38","author":"Clemes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2011.01.027","article-title":"The association between school-based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"52","author":"Rasberry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1080\/0022027032000035113","article-title":"Time in the arts and physical education and school achievement","volume":"35","author":"Wilkins","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Curric. Stud."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"United Nations (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3109\/17477160802596171","article-title":"Tracking of obesity and physical activity from childhood to adulthood: the Physical Activity Longitudinal Study","volume":"4","author":"Herman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612466268","article-title":"Enduring links from childhood mathematics and reading achievement to adult socioeconomic status","volume":"24","author":"Ritchie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558403255070","article-title":"The Impact of Parental Support, Behavioral Control, and Psychological Control on the Academic Achievement and Self-Esteem of African American and European American Adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Bean","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2008.03.003","article-title":"Factors influencing the academic achievement of the Turkish urban poor","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Development"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2009.07.022","article-title":"Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC): a randomized controlled trial to promote physical activity and diminish overweight and obesity in elementary school children","volume":"49","author":"Donnelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000901","article-title":"Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: A systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Donnelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00159","article-title":"A simple hypothesis of executive function","volume":"6","author":"Kopp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011065","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011065","article-title":"Association of physical activity with cognition, metacognition and academic performance in children and adolescents: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Pesce","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2014.09.003","article-title":"Exercise and children\u2019s cognition: The role of exercise characteristics and a place for metacognition","volume":"4","author":"Tomporowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"126","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research","volume":"100","author":"Caspersen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnelly, J.E., Greene, J.L., Gibson, C.A., Sullivan, D.K., Hansen, D.M., Hillman, C.H., Poggio, J., Mayo, M.S., Smith, B.K., and Lambourne, K. (2013). Physical activity and academic achievement across the curriculum (A + PAAC): rationale and design of a 3-year, cluster-randomized trial. BMC Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-307"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Hermosa, A., \u00c1lvarez-Bueno, C., Cavero-Redondo, I., Mart\u00ednez-Vizca\u00edno, V., Redondo-T\u00e9bar, A., and S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez, M. (2019). Active commuting to and from school, cognitive performance, and academic achievement in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101839"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phansikar, M., Ashrafi, S.A., Khan, N.A., Massey, W.V., and Mullen, S.P. (2019). Active commute in relation to cognition and academic achievement in children and adolescents: A systematic review and future recommendations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16245103"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j4008","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4008","article-title":"AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both","volume":"358","author":"Shea","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"100","article-title":"Physical activity, physical education and fitness could be related to academic and cognitive performance in young. A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Conde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archivos de Medicina del Deporte"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2011.10599785","article-title":"The effects of physical activity and physical fitness on children\u2019s achievement and cognitive outcomes:a meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Fedewa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, A., Saunders, D.H., Shenkin, S.D., and Sproule, J. (2014). Lifestyle intervention for improving school achievement in overweight or obese children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009728.pub2"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira-Vorkapic, C., Feitoza, J.M., Marchioro, M., Sim\u00f5es, J., Kozasa, E., and Telles, S. (2015). Are There Benefits from Teaching Yoga at Schools? A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials of Yoga-Based Interventions. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/345835"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.03.006","article-title":"The effects of physical activity interventions on psychosocial outcomes in adolescents: A meta-analytic review","volume":"45","author":"Spruit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Bueno, C., Pesce, C., Cavero-Redondo, I., S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez, M., Garrido-Miguel, M., and Mart\u00ednez-Vizca\u00edno, V. (2017). Academic Achievement and Physical Activity: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 140.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1498"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, A., Timperio, A., Brown, H., Best, K., and Hesketh, K.D. (2017). Effect of classroom-based physical activity interventions on academic and physical activity outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0569-9"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.09.595","article-title":"Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Bosker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, A., Booth, J.N., Laird, Y., Sproule, J., Reilly, J.J., and Saunders, D.H. (2018). Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 1.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009728.pub3"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedard, C., St John, L., Bremer, E., Graham, J.D., and Cairney, J. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of physically active classrooms on educational and enjoyment outcomes in school age children. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218633"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sneck, S., Viholainen, H., Syv\u00e4oja, H., Kankaap\u00e4\u00e4, A., Hakonen, H., Poikkeus, A.M., and Tammelin, T. (2019). Effects of school-based physical activity on mathematics performance in children: a systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-019-0866-6"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X19830113","article-title":"What effect on learning does increasing the proportion of curriculum time allocated to physical education have? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Dudley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.10.008","article-title":"Evaluation of school-based interventions of active breaks in primary schools: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Masini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.15.3.243","article-title":"The Relationship between Physical Activity and Cognition in Children: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Benjamin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatric Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"53","article-title":"Physical Activity, Academic Performance and Cognition in Children and Adolescents","volume":"4","author":"Haapala","year":"2012","journal-title":"A Systematic Review Balt. J. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lees, C., and Hopkins, J. (2013). Effect of aerobic exercise on cognition, academic achievement, and psychosocial function in children: A systematic review of randomized control trials. Prev. Chronic Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd10.130010"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.01.055","article-title":"Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth","volume":"146","author":"Strong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2007.00238.x","article-title":"Coordinated school health programs and academic achievement: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"77","author":"Murray","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trudeau, F., and Shephard, R.J. (2008). Physical education, school physical activity, school sports and academic performance. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-5-10"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.716","article-title":"Physical activity and performance at school: a systematic review of the literature including a methodological quality assessment","volume":"166","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1108\/HE-02-2012-0013","article-title":"Systematic review: School health promotion interventions targeting physical activity and nutrition can improve academic performance in primary- and middle school children","volume":"113","author":"Pucher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Educ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654313518441","article-title":"The Effects of Adolescent Health-Related Behavior on Academic Performance A Systematic Review of the Longitudinal Evidence","volume":"84","author":"Busch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.07.007","article-title":"Physical activity and cognition in adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Sallis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527315666151111121536","article-title":"Effects of school-based physical activity interventions on cognition and academic achievement: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Mura","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.12.027","article-title":"Physically active lessons as physical activity and educational interventions: A systematic review of methods and results","volume":"72","author":"Norris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S197","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0663","article-title":"Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth","volume":"41","author":"Poitras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.11.025","article-title":"The effect of acute and chronic exercise on cognitive function and academic performance in adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"316","article-title":"Association between physical education, school-based physical activity, and academic performance: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retos"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097361","article-title":"How does academic achievement relate to cardiorespiratory fitness, self-reported physical activity and objectively reported physical activity: A systematic review in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years","volume":"52","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2017.1294244","article-title":"Effect of Active Lessons on Physical Activity, Academic, and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review","volume":"88","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2016.1184699","article-title":"Influence of physical fitness on cognitive and academic performance in adolescents: A systematic review from 2005-2015","volume":"10","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.14485\/HBPR.4.1.5","article-title":"Impact of School Garden Participation on the Health Behaviors of Children","volume":"4","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Behav. Policy Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daly-Smith, A.J., Zwolinsky, S., McKenna, J., Tomporowski, P.D., Defeyter, M.A., and Manley, A. (2018). Systematic review of acute physically active learning and classroom movement breaks on children\u2019s physical activity, cognition, academic performance and classroom behaviour: Understanding critical design features. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000341"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2018.11.002","article-title":"Physical activity and brain structure, brain function, and cognition in children and youth: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Gunnell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ment. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098136","article-title":"Effects of physical activity interventions on cognitive and academic performance in children and adolescents: A novel combination of a systematic review and recommendations from an expert panel","volume":"53","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical Activity and Academic Performance in Children and Preadolescents: A Systematic Review","volume":"139","year":"2020","journal-title":"Apunt. Educ. Fisica Y Deportes"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12878","article-title":"Effectiveness of Active Learning that Combines Physical Activity and Math in Schoolchildren: A Systematic Review","volume":"90","author":"Vetter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. School Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000432","article-title":"Knowing, applying, and reasoning about arithmetic: Roles of domain-general and numerical skills in multiple domains of arithmetic learning","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12142","article-title":"Visuospatial training improves elementary students\u2019 mathematics performance","volume":"87","author":"Lowrie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/mono.12133","article-title":"VII. The history of physical activity and academic performance research: informing the future","volume":"79","author":"Castelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/16\/5972\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:02:16Z","timestamp":1760176936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/16\/5972"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17165972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17165972","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]}}}