{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:49:05Z","timestamp":1772254145020,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aedes albopictus is an invasive mosquito that has colonized several European countries as well as Portugal, where it was detected for the first time in 2017. To increase the knowledge of Ae. albopictus population dynamics, a survey was carried out in the municipality of Loul\u00e9, Algarve, a Southern temperate region of Portugal, throughout 2019, with Biogents Sentinel traps (BGS traps) and ovitraps. More than 19,000 eggs and 400 adults were identified from May 9 (week 19) and December 16 (week 50). A positive correlation between the number of females captured in the BGS traps and the number of eggs collected in ovitraps was found. The start of activity of A. albopictus in May corresponded to an average minimum temperature above 13.0 \u00b0C and an average maximum temperature of 26.2 \u00b0C. The abundance peak of this A. albopictus population was identified from September to November. The positive effect of temperature on the seasonal activity of the adult population observed highlight the importance of climate change in affecting the occurrence, abundance, and distribution patterns of this species. The continuously monitoring activities currently ongoing point to an established population of A. albopictus in Loul\u00e9, Algarve, in a dispersion process to other regions of Portugal and raises concern for future outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases associated with this invasive mosquito species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T22:24:42Z","timestamp":1601245482000},"page":"7083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Seasonal Dynamics and Spatial Distribution of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Temperate Region in Europe, Southern Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6704-740X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo C.","family":"Os\u00f3rio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research\/National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 \u00c1guas de Moura, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Ed. Egas Moniz, Piso0, Ala C, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7228-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, Rua Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Roquette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology\/National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA Information Management School, Campus de Campolide, 1070-312 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"N\u00e9lia M.","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Planning, Algarve Regional Health Administration, IP, Rua Brites de Almeida, n\u00b0 6, 3rd Dt\u00b0 8000-234 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7258-1439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00edbia","family":"Z\u00e9-Z\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research\/National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 \u00c1guas de Moura, Portugal"},{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems &amp; Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5445-4142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research\/National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 \u00c1guas de Moura, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Ed. Egas Moniz, Piso0, Ala C, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research\/National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 \u00c1guas de Moura, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0065-9000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research\/National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 \u00c1guas de Moura, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Ed. Egas Moniz, Piso0, Ala C, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.05.005","article-title":"Aedes albopictus, an Arbovirus Vector: From the Darkness to the Light","volume":"11","author":"Paupy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0376-y","article-title":"Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus","volume":"4","author":"Kraemer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0562","article-title":"Spread of the tiger: Global risk of invasion by the mosquito Aedes albopictus","volume":"7","author":"Benedict","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaux, A.G.C., Johnston, C., Dallimore, T., McGinley, L., Strode, C., Murchie, A.K., Iyanger, N., Pudney, R., Chow, Y., and Brand, M. (2020). Working towards a Co-Ordinated Approach to Invasive Mosquito Detection, Response and Control in the UK. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145166"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"340","article-title":"Introduction and Establishment of Aedes (Stegomyia) Albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) in Albania","volume":"14","author":"Adhami","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"ECDC\u2014European Centre for Disease Control (2020, August 15). Development of Aedes Albopictus Risk Maps\u2013Technical Report, Available online: https:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/portal\/files\/media\/en\/Publications\/Publications\/0905_TER_Development_of_Aedes_Albo."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485315000103","article-title":"An Entomological Review of Invasive Mosquitoes in Europe","volume":"105","author":"Medlock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. \u00c8ntomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Os\u00f3rio, H.C., Z\u00e9-Z\u00e9, L., Neto, M., Silva, S., Marques, F., Silva, A.S., and Alves, M.J. (2018). Detection of the Invasive Mosquito Species Aedes (Stegomyia) Albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Portugal. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040820"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4413.1.10","article-title":"The Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) Albopictus (Skuse), a Vector of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Viruses, Reaches Portugal (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"4413","author":"Marabuto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"3313","article-title":"Chikungunya in North-Eastern Italy: A Summing up of the Outbreak","volume":"12","author":"Angelini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wkly. Releases"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61779-6","article-title":"Infection with Chikungunya Virus in Italy: An Outbreak in a Temperate Region","volume":"370","author":"Rezza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.101873","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus, Southeastern France","volume":"17","author":"Grandadam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vega-R\u00faa, A., Zouache, K., Caro, V., Diancourt, L., Delaunay, P., Grandadam, M., and Failloux, A. (2013). High Efficiency of Temperate Aedes albopictus to Transmit Chikungunya and Dengue Viruses in the Southeast of France. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059716"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"21108","article-title":"Chikungunya Outbreak in Montpellier, France, September to October 2014","volume":"20","author":"Delisle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eurosurveillancen"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calba, C., Guerbois-Galla, M., Franke, F., Jeannin, C., Auzet-Caillaud, M., Grard, G., Pigaglio, L., Decoppet, A., Weicherding, J., and Savaill, M.-C. (2017). Preliminary Report of an Autochthonous Chikungunya Outbreak in France, July to September 2017. Eurosurveillance, 22.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.39.17-00647"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manica, M., Guzzetta, G., Poletti, P., Filipponi, F., Solimini, A., Caputo, B., Della Torre, A., Ros\u00e0, R., and Merler, S. (2017). Transmission Dynamics of the Ongoing Chikungunya Outbreak in Central Italy: From Coastal Areas to the Metropolitan City of Rome, Summer 2017. Eurosurveillance, 22.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.44.17-00685"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Autochthonous dengue fever in Croatia, August-September 2010","volume":"16","author":"Aleraj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"First two autochthonous dengue virus infections in metropolitan France, September 2010","volume":"15","author":"Armengaud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20661","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.50.20661","article-title":"Autochthonous Case of Dengue in France, October 2013","volume":"18","author":"Marchand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"217","article-title":"New Occurrence of Autochthonous Cases of Dengue Fever in Southeast France, August\u2013September 2014","volume":"13\u201314","author":"Giron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. \u00c9pid\u00e9miol. Hebd."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Succo, T., Leparc-Goffart, I., Ferre, J.B., Roiz, D., Broche, B., Maquart, M., Noel, H., Catelinois, O., Entezam, F., and Caire, D. (2016). Autochthonous Dengue Outbreak in Nimes, South of France, July to September 2015. Eurosurveillance, 21.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.21.30240"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2020, August 15). Local Transmission of Dengue Fever in France and Spain. Available online: https:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/Rapid-Risk-Assessment-Local-Transmission-Dengue-Fev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manica, M., Filipponi, F., D\u2019Alessandro, A., Screti, A., Neteler, M., Ros\u00e0, R., Solimini, A., Della Torre, A., and Caputo, B. (2016). Spatial and Temporal Hot Spots of Aedes albopictus Abundance Inside and Outside a South European Metropolitan Area. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004758"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tisseuil, C., Velo, E., Bino, S., Kadriaj, P., Mersini, K., Shukullari, A., Simaku, A., Rogozi, E., Caputo, B., and Ducheyne, E. (2018). Forecasting the Spatial and Seasonal Dynamic of Aedes albopictus Oviposition Activity in Albania and Balkan Countries. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006236"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.09.011","article-title":"Seasonal and Spatial Distribution of Aedes Aegypti and Aedes albopictus in a Municipal Urban Park in S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil","volume":"189","author":"Heinisch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"19","article-title":"Seasonal Patterns of Oviposition and Egg Hatching Rate of Aedes albopictus in Rome","volume":"19","author":"Toma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0098","article-title":"Effects of Temperature and Rainfall on the Activity and Dynamics of Host-Seeking Aedes albopictus Females in Northern Italy","volume":"10","author":"Roiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11583","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111111583","article-title":"Mosquito Surveillance for Prevention and Control of Emerging Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Portugal\u20142008\u20132014","volume":"11","author":"Amaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification Keys of the Mosquitoes of Continental Portugal, A\u00e7ores and Madeira","volume":"3","author":"Ribeiro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Mosq. Bull."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Schaffner, F., Anges, G., Geoffroy, B., Hervy, J.P., Rhaiem, A., and Brunhes, J. (2001). The Mosquitoes of Europe: An Identification and Training Programme, IRD."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04576-6","article-title":"Identification of a Kunjin\/West Nile-Like Flavivirus in Brains of Patients with New York Encephalitis","volume":"354","author":"Briese","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0805.010324","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of a Human Isolate from the 2000 Israel West Nile Virus Epidemic","volume":"8","author":"Briese","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Trapletti, A., Hornik, K., and LeBaron, B. (2020, August 15). Time Series Analysis and Computational Finance (Tseries Package), CRAN. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/tseries\/index.Html."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3390\/insects4030404","article-title":"Influence of Age and Nutritional Status on Flight Performance of the Asian Tiger Mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"4","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Active Dispersal of Aedes albopictus: A Mark-Release-Recapture Study Using Self-Marking Units","volume":"1","author":"Vavassori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.4.509","article-title":"Applicability of Presence\u2013Absence and Sequential Sampling for Ovitrap Surveillance of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand","volume":"27","author":"Mogi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Med. \u00c8ntomol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762005000400001","article-title":"Identification of the Best Ovitrap Installation Sites for Gravid Aedes (Stegomyia) Aegypti in Residences in Mirassol, State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"100","author":"Dibo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762008000100008","article-title":"Developing New Approaches for Detecting and Preventing Aedes Aegypti Population Outbreaks: Basis for Surveillance, Alert and Control System","volume":"103","author":"Regis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-321","article-title":"Study of the Distribution and Abundance of the Eggs of Aedes Aegypti and Aedes albopictus According to the Habitat and Meteorological Variables, Municipality of S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"6","author":"Serpa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"98","article-title":"Twenty Years of Presence of Aedes albopictus in Italy: From the Annoying Pest Mosquito to the Real Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Romi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector. Eur. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Schaffner, F. (2009). Development of Aedes Albopictus Risk Maps, ECDC. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/en\/publications\/Publications\/0905_TER_Development_of_Aedes_Albopictus_Risk_Maps.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2006)22[149:CAAOOF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cold Acclimation and Overwintering of Female Aedes albopictus in Roma","volume":"22","author":"Romi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Estrada-Franco, J.G., and Craig, G.B. (1995). Biology, Disease Relationships, and Control of Aedes Albopictus, Pan American Health Organization, Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.5.646","article-title":"Precipitation and Temperature Effects on Populations of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): Implications for Range Expansion","volume":"38","author":"Alto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. \u00c8ntomol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, M.J., Fernandes, P.L., Amaro, F., Os\u00f3rio, H., Luz, T., Parreira, P., Andrade, G., Z\u00e9-Z\u00e9, L., and Zeller, H. (2013). Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Findings for the First Autochthonous Cases of Dengue Fever in Madeira Island, Portugal, October 2012. Eurosurveillance, 18.","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.06.20398-en"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/19\/7083\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:14:19Z","timestamp":1760177659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/19\/7083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17197083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17197083","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]}}}