{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T23:00:14Z","timestamp":1776207614387,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/147324\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/147324\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006111","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the vast evidence on the environmental influence in neurodegenerative diseases, those considering a geospatial approach are scarce. We conducted a systematic review to identify studies concerning environmental atmospheric risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases that have used geospatial analysis\/tools. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for all scientific studies that included a neurodegenerative disease, an environmental atmospheric factor, and a geographical analysis. Of the 34 included papers, approximately 60% were related to multiple sclerosis (MS), hence being the most studied neurodegenerative disease in the context of this study. Sun exposure (n = 13) followed by the most common exhaustion gases (n = 10 for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and n = 5 for carbon monoxide (CO)) were the most studied atmospheric factors. Only one study used a geospatial interpolation model, although 13 studies used remote sensing data to compute atmospheric factors. In 20% of papers, we found an inverse correlation between sun exposure and multiple sclerosis. No consensus was reached in the analysis of nitrogen dioxide and Parkinson\u2019s disease, but it was related to dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This systematic review (number CRD42020196188 in PROSPERO\u2019s database) provides an insight into the available evidence regarding the geospatial influence of environmental factors on neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T10:32:47Z","timestamp":1605263567000},"page":"8414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Atmospheric Risk Factors in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7313-9749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS\u2014Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Padr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Porto, Via Panor\u00e2mica, s\/n, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8099-3043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS\u2014Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3890-7735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS\u2014Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8043-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Land Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Sciences Institute (ICT), Pole of the FCUP, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6558-8966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hern\u00e2ni","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS\u2014Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2113-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS\u2014Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, s\/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.03.017","article-title":"Seeking environmental causes of neurodegenerative disease and envisioning primary prevention","volume":"56","author":"Spencer","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO) (2020, September 04). Ageing and Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ageing-and-health."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"377","article-title":"Epidemiology of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Dementias","volume":"66","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525967","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2525967","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications","volume":"2017","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO) (2006). Neurological Disorders: Public Health Challenges, WHO."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2007.01.013","article-title":"Evaluation of the Slopes of Cognitive Impairment and Disability in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (Ad) Patients Treated with Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors (Achel)","volume":"44","author":"Campanozzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-019-0165-9","article-title":"The interplay of aging, genetics and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Pang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7567","article-title":"Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Overview of Environmental Risk Factors","volume":"113","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, September 04). Air Pollution. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/air-pollution#tab=tab_2."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24815","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09042-2","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and its influence on human health and welfare: An overview","volume":"27","author":"Almetwally","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"3066","article-title":"Atmospheric-Pollution, Its History, Origins and Prevention","volume":"106","author":"Putta","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1017\/S146342361400036X","article-title":"Air Pollution and Your Brain: What Do You Need to Know Right Now","volume":"16","author":"Kulesza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prim. Health Care Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.009","article-title":"Air Pollution: Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation and Cns Disease","volume":"32","author":"Block","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.04.008","article-title":"Air pollution, cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities: A pilot study with children and dogs","volume":"68","author":"Ontiveros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.6.1631","article-title":"Impaired Lung Function and Risk for Stroke: Role of the Systemic Inflammation Response?","volume":"130","author":"Tamagawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10021","article-title":"Air Pollution and Inflammation (Interleukin-6, C-Reactive Protein, Fibrinogen) in Myocardial Infarction Survivors","volume":"115","author":"Greven","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701864797","article-title":"Systemic Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Activation in Clinically Healthy Children Exposed to Air Pollutants","volume":"20","author":"Romero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/10590500802494538","article-title":"Airborne Particulate Matter and Human Health: Toxicological Assessment and Importance of Size and Composition of Particles for Oxidative Damage and Carcinogenic Mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Valavanidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.09.006","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particles in blood trigger systemic and pulmonary morphological alterations","volume":"176","author":"Nemmar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370490439597","article-title":"Translocation of Inhaled Ultrafine Particles to the Brain","volume":"16","author":"Sharp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-007-0028-6","article-title":"Transport of Intranasally Instilled Fine Fe2O3 Particles into the Brain: Micro-distribution, Chemical States, and Histopathological Observation","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Element Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2008.09.014","article-title":"Time-dependent translocation and potential impairment on central nervous system by intranasally instilled TiO(2) nanoparticles","volume":"254","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623307313011","article-title":"Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure Is Associated with Neuroinflammation, an Altered Innate Immune Response, Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier, Ultrafine Particulate Deposition, and Accumulation of Amyloid Beta-42 and Alpha-Synuclein in Children and Young Adults","volume":"36","author":"Solt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L817","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00442.2007","article-title":"Interactions of nanoparticles with pulmonary structures and cellular responses","volume":"294","author":"Blank","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.05.029","article-title":"Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Injury Epidemiology, Toxicology, and Mechanisms","volume":"52","author":"Simkhovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-3-13","article-title":"Translocation and potential neurological effects of fine and ultrafine particles a critical update","volume":"3","author":"Peters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(95)03563-X","article-title":"A new mechanism for the toxicity of ozone","volume":"82","author":"Pryor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200701-023AW","article-title":"Ozone and Pulmonary Innate Immunity","volume":"4","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.01.047","article-title":"Estradiol prevents ozone-induced increases in brain lipid peroxidation and impaired social recognition memory in female rats","volume":"159","author":"Arriaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2005.09.006","article-title":"Oxidative damage in substantia nigra and striatum of rats chronically exposed to ozone","volume":"31","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200604240-00014","article-title":"Estrogen counteracts ozone-induced oxidative stress and nigral neuronal death","volume":"17","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.218","article-title":"The association between PM2.5 exposure and neurological disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"655","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h1295","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1295","article-title":"Short term exposure to air pollution and stroke: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"350","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000275491","article-title":"Geographic and Ethnic Variation in Parkinson Disease: A Population-Based Study of US Medicare Beneficiaries","volume":"34","author":"Willis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000177032","article-title":"Geographical Clustering of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in South-East England: A Population Study","volume":"32","author":"Scott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000156518.22559.7F","article-title":"Temporal and geographic variation in United States motor neuron disease mortality, 1969\u20131998","volume":"64","author":"Noonan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viana, J., Santos, J.V., Neiva, R., Souza, J., Duarte, L., Teodoro, A., and Freitas, A. (2017). Remote Sensing in Human Health: A 10-Year Bibliometric Analysis. Remote. Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121225"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achar, A., Ghosh, C., Favreau, D.J., Desforges, M., St-Jean, J.R., and Talbot, P.J. (2020). Covid-19-Associated Neurological Disorders: The Potential Route of Cns Invasion and Blood-Brain Relevance. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112360"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as, L., Torres-Jard\u00f3n, R., Franco-Lira, M., Kulesza, R., Gonz\u00e1lez-Maciel, A., Reynoso-Robles, R., Brito-Aguilar, R., Garc\u00eda-Arreola, B., Revueltas-Ficachi, P., and Barrera-Vel\u00e1zquez, J.A. (2020). Environmental Nanoparticles, SARS-CoV-2 Brain Involvement, and Potential Acceleration of Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Diseases in Young Urbanites Exposed to Air Pollution. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis., 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.3233\/AIAD210046"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bougakov, D., Podell, K., and Goldberg, E. (2020). Multiple Neuroinvasive Pathways in COVID-19. Mol. Neurobiol., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02152-5"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246789","article-title":"\u00dcber die Vertikalverteilung von Windgeschwindigkeit und Schwerestabilit\u00e4t in Freistrahlbewegungen der oberen Troposph\u00e4re","volume":"4","author":"Rossby","year":"1951","journal-title":"Archiv Meteorologie Geophysik Bioklimatologie Serie A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D.G. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The Prisma Statement. PLoS Med., 339.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1159\/000113777","article-title":"Epidemiological Study of Multiple Sclerosis in Western Poland","volume":"2","author":"Cendrowski","year":"1969","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000113782","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis in Europe","volume":"2","author":"Behrend","year":"1969","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.38.9.911","article-title":"Comparative epidemiological studies of multiple sclerosis in South Africa and Japan","volume":"38","author":"Bird","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1984.tb00824.x","article-title":"Epidemiological Investigations into Multiple Sclerosis in Southern Hesse. Ii. The Distribution of Cases in Relation to Exogenous Features","volume":"70","author":"Lauer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(93)90204-C","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: Does epidemiology contribute to providing etiological clues?","volume":"115","author":"Granieri","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"174","article-title":"Geographic Aspects in the Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Lensky","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"22","article-title":"Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease","volume":"43","author":"Alperovitch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pathol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840050030","article-title":"Monthly Distribution of Multiple Sclerosis Patients\u2019 Births","volume":"40","author":"Bharanidharan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.4065\/72.9.871","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"72","author":"Hogancamp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"128","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: The Iodine-Dopachrome-Glutamate Hypothesis","volume":"14","author":"Foster","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Orthomol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820050515061","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Toxins and environment","volume":"1","author":"Mitchell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral. Scler. Other Motor Neuron Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"979","article-title":"Genetic Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Uria","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00933-0","article-title":"Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis aetiology","volume":"3","author":"Marrie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.07.015","article-title":"Genes, environment, and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Sotgiu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ances, B.M., Newman, N.J., and Balcer, L.J. (2005). Autoimmunity\u2014Multiple Sclerosis. Measuring Immunity, Elsevier Ltd.. Chapter 45.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012455900-4\/50307-X"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.15.810","article-title":"Studies of Multiple Sclerosis in Communities Concerned about Environmental Exposures","volume":"15","author":"Williamson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21141","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: Noninfectious factors","volume":"61","author":"Ascherio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70042-5","article-title":"Environmental factors and multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Ebers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.07.002","article-title":"Contribution of geolocalisation to neuroepidemiological studies: Incidence of ALS and environmental factors in Limousin, France","volume":"309","author":"Marin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson, G., and Racette, B.A. (2013). Environmental Risk Factors. Handbook of Parkinson\u2019s Disease, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.3109\/9781841849096.016"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.2370","article-title":"Predictors of Survival in Patients with Parkinson Disease","volume":"69","author":"Willis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3109\/17482968.2011.621436","article-title":"Spatial clustering of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the potential role of BMAA","volume":"13","author":"Caller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52901-5.00007-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of Neurologically Disabling Disorders","volume":"110","author":"Tennant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000341240","article-title":"Risk Factors for Multiple Sclerosis in Kuwait: A Population-Based Case-Control Study","volume":"40","author":"Makki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000358298","article-title":"Geographical Analysis of the Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Distribution in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country for the Period 1995\u20132008","volume":"72","author":"Chamosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1852","article-title":"Association Between Alzheimer Dementia Mortality Rate and Altitude in California Counties","volume":"72","author":"Thielke","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000230","article-title":"Geographical Variation in Dementia: Examining the Role of Environmental Factors in Sweden and Scotland","volume":"26","author":"Russ","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12429","article-title":"Socio-economic factors and immigrant population studies of multiple sclerosis","volume":"132","author":"Celius","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000381779","article-title":"The EnvIMS Study: Design and Methodology of an International Case-Control Study of Environmental Risk Factors in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Magalhaes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12432","article-title":"Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis-from epidemiology to prevention","volume":"132","author":"Salzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2016.09.002","article-title":"Environmental control of autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system","volume":"43","author":"Rothhammer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1579693","article-title":"Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis: From Risk Factors to Prevention\u2014An Update","volume":"36","author":"Ascherio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-151143","article-title":"Fine Particulate Matter, Residential Proximity to Major Roads, and Markers of Small Vessel Disease in a Memory Study Population","volume":"53","author":"Wilker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000447449","article-title":"Geographical Variation in Dementia Mortality in Italy, New Zealand, and Chile: The Impact of Latitude, Vitamin D, and Air Pollution","volume":"42","author":"Russ","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correa, E., Paredes, V., and Martinez, B. (2016). Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in Latin America and Its Relationship with European Migration. Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin., 2.","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217316666407"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170059","article-title":"Associations of Spatial Disparities of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Mortality Rates with Soil Selenium and Sulfur Concentrations and Four Common Risk Factors in the United States","volume":"58","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2018s Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2017.1281961","article-title":"Incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the province of Novara, Italy, and possible role of environmental pollution","volume":"18","author":"Tesauro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Front. Degener."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-017-0108-6","article-title":"Small-area distribution of multiple sclerosis incidence in western France: In search of environmental triggers","volume":"16","author":"Hammas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Solanas, \u00c8., Vergara-Duarte, M., Ortega Cerd\u00e0, M., Mart\u00edn-S\u00e1nchez, J., Bux\u00f3, M., Rodr\u00edguez-Farr\u00e9, E., Benach, J., and P\u00e9rez, G. (2017). The Geography of the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Mortality in Spain: Should We Focus on Industrial Pollutants Prevention?. Healthcare, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare5040089"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"434","article-title":"The Relationship between the Amount of Radiation, Relative Humidity, and Temperature with the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis in Isfahan Province, Iran, During the Years 2001\u20132014","volume":"35","author":"Karimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Isfahan Med. Sch."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2017.3","article-title":"Assessment of residential environmental exposure to pesticides from agricultural fields in the Netherlands","volume":"28","author":"Brouwer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2018.03.010","article-title":"Environmental Factors in the Development of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"174","author":"Michel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_317_16","article-title":"Estimated incidence rate of multiple sclerosis and its relationship with geographical factors in Isfahan province between the years 2001 and 2014","volume":"9","author":"Karimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01074","article-title":"Health Outcomes and Lifestyle in a Sample of People With Multiple Sclerosis (HOLISM): Longitudinal and Validation Cohorts","volume":"9","author":"Weiland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2019.04.007","article-title":"ALS and environment: Clues from spatial clustering?","volume":"175","author":"Spencer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000493386","article-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Descriptive Epidemiology: The Origin of Geographic Difference","volume":"52","author":"Logroscino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.15419\/bmrat.v6i12.579","article-title":"Can environmental factors increase the risk of multiple sclerosis? A narrative review","volume":"6","author":"Naghshineh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salm, A.K., and Benson, M.J. (2019). Increased Dementia Mortality in West Virginia Counties with Mountaintop Removal Mining?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214278"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"40","article-title":"The Etiology and the Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Mirza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Erciyes Med. J."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"10","article-title":"Risk Factors of Multiple Sclerosis Development in the Population of the Rostov Region","volume":"109","author":"Goncharova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zhurnal Nevrologii Psikhiatrii Imeni SS Korsakova"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Reference Value of Left Atrial Diameter of Presenile Women and Geographical Factors Based on Principal Component Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Jing","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Jilin Univ. Med. Ed."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"5","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis in the Bashkortostan Republic and the Rostov Region: A Comparative Epidemiologic Study","volume":"114","author":"Bakhtiiarova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhurnal Nevrologii Psihiatrii Imeni SS Korsakova"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3109\/21678421.2015.1069849","article-title":"Clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in south-west China","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Front. Degener."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallin, M.T., and Kurtzke, J.F. (2014). Multiple Sclerosis; Epidemiology. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences, Elsevier Ltd.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385157-4.00603-5"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2012.07.003","article-title":"A proposed methodology to estimate the cumulative life-time UVB exposure using geographic information systems: An application to multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Schuurman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(71)90065-7","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: Progress in Epidemiologic and Experimental Research. A Review","volume":"12","author":"Leibowitz","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000110106","article-title":"Geographic and Climatic Factors and Multiple Sclerosis in Some Districts of Bulgaria","volume":"6","author":"Kalafatova","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000054783","article-title":"Regional variation in multiple sclerosis prevalence in Australia and its association with ambient ultraviolet radiation","volume":"20","author":"Ponsonby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100011124","article-title":"A quantitative analysis of suspected environmental causes of MS","volume":"38","author":"Sloka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318216715e","article-title":"Relationship of UV exposure to prevalence of multiple sclerosis in England","volume":"76","author":"Ramagopalan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516688954","article-title":"Temperature Dependence of Multiple Sclerosis Mortality Rates in the United States","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518783343","article-title":"Lifetime exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the risk of multiple sclerosis in the US radiologic technologists cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Gallagher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(83)90142-X","article-title":"Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans: 2. Latitude, climate and the risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Norman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monti, M.C., Guido, D., Montomoli, C., Sardu, C., Sanna, A., Pretti, S., Lorefice, L., Marrosu, M.G., Valera, P., and Cocco, E. (2016). Is Geo-Environmental Exposure a Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis? A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in South-Western Sardinia. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163313"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.02.005","article-title":"The use of satellite data to measure ultraviolet-B penetrance and its potential association with age of multiple sclerosis onset","volume":"21","author":"Amram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2010.01465.x","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis in Oppland County\u2014A cross-sectional population-based study in a landlocked county of Eastern Norway","volume":"124","author":"Risberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518803273","article-title":"PM2.5 levels strongly associate with multiple sclerosis prevalence in the Province of Padua, Veneto Region, North-East Italy","volume":"25","author":"Tateo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.01.065","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis disease distribution and potential impact of environmental air pollutants in Georgia","volume":"396","author":"Gregory","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"213","article-title":"Geography Based Hypotheses About Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Iuliano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Riv. Ital. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000368553","article-title":"Potential Impact of Air Pollution on Multiple Sclerosis in Tehran, Iran","volume":"43","author":"Heydarpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.02.019","article-title":"An 8-year study of people with multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran: Association between environmental air pollutants and severity of disease","volume":"319","author":"Ashtari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018410807648","article-title":"A new method for spatially moving correlation analysis in geomedicine","volume":"19","author":"Ukkelberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2015.12.003","article-title":"Is environmental radon gas associated with the incidence of neurodegenerative conditions? A retrospective study of multiple sclerosis in radon affected areas in England and Wales","volume":"154","author":"Denman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.09.004","article-title":"Examining the contributions of environmental quality to pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Lavery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.616","article-title":"Urban Air Quality and Associations with Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Lavery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq303","article-title":"Metal Emissions and Urban Incident Parkinson Disease: A Community Health Study of Medicare Beneficiaries by Using Geographic Information Systems","volume":"172","author":"Willis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"481","article-title":"Geographical Distribution of Mortality by Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Its Association with Air Lead Levels in Spain","volume":"147","author":"Santurtun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Clin. (Barc.)"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.03.002","article-title":"A Study of the Relationships between Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Markers of Traffic-Derived and Environmental Manganese Air Pollution in Two Canadian Cities","volume":"104","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP135","article-title":"Ambient Air Pollution Exposures and Risk of Parkinson Disease","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.104615","article-title":"Associations between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and Parkinson\u2019s disease prevalence: A cross-sectional study","volume":"133","author":"Salimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.09.006","article-title":"Gene-environment interactions linking air pollution and inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"151","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.12.008","article-title":"Association of UV radiation with Parkinson disease incidence: A nationwide French ecologic study","volume":"154","author":"Kravietz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.054","article-title":"Associations between seasonal temperature and dementia-associated hospitalizations in New England","volume":"126","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105233","article-title":"Association between air pollution and risk of vascular dementia: A multipollutant analysis in Taiwan","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of dementia: A population-based cohort study","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1159\/000489664","article-title":"Spatial Assessment of the Association between Long-Term Exposure to Environmental Factors and the Occurrence of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Catalonia, Spain: A Population-Based Nested Case-Control Study","volume":"51","author":"Povedano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2013.53","article-title":"Climatic factors associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A spatial analysis from Taiwan","volume":"8","author":"Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geospat. Health"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-016-2581-2","article-title":"Trends in motor neuron disease: Association with latitude and air lead levels in Spain","volume":"37","author":"Villar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0433rev","article-title":"Vitamin D: Its role and uses in immunology 1","volume":"15","author":"DeLuca","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138605","article-title":"Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality","volume":"726","author":"Ogen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1182-2016","article-title":"Is There a Role for Environmental and Metabolic Factors Predisposing to Severe COVID-19?","volume":"52","author":"Bornstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hribar, C.A., Cobbold, P.H., and Church, F.C. (2020). Potential Role of Vitamin D in the Elderly to Resist COVID-19 and to Slow Progression of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10050284"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/22\/8414\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:33:09Z","timestamp":1760178789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/22\/8414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17228414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17228414","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]}}}