{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T22:01:30Z","timestamp":1767045690434,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006749","name":"Burapha University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["062\/2554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["062\/2554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We compared the hydrodynamic characteristics and pull-out strategies of four backstroke-to-breaststroke turning techniques in young swimmers. Eighteen 11 and 12-year-old swimmers participated in a 4 week intervention program including 16 contextual interference sessions. The hydrodynamic variables were assessed through inverse dynamics, and the pull-out strategy kinematics were assessed with tracking markers followed by 12 land cameras and 11 underwater cameras. Swimmers randomly completed sixteen 30 m maximal backstroke-to breaststroke-open, somersault, bucket and crossover turns (four in each technique) with a 3 min rest. The data showed higher drag force, cross-sectional area and drag coefficient values for the first (compared with the second) gliding position. The crossover turn revealed the highest push-off velocity (2.17 \u00b1 0.05 m\u00b7s\u22121), and the somersault turn demonstrated the lowest foot plant index (0.68 \u00b1 0.03; 68%), which could have affected the first gliding, transition and second gliding depths (0.73 \u00b1 0.13, 0.86 \u00b1 0.17 and 0.76 \u00b1 0.17 m). The data revealed the consistency of the time spent (4.86 \u00b1 0.98 s) and breakout distance (6.04 \u00b1 0.94 m) among the four turning techniques, and no differences were observed between them regarding time and average velocity up to 7.5 m. The hydrodynamic characteristics and pull-out strategy of the backstroke-to-breaststroke turns performed by the age group swimmers were independent of the selected technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T08:53:56Z","timestamp":1613292836000},"page":"1858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Backstroke to Breaststroke Turning Performance in Age-Group Swimmers: Hydrodynamic Characteristics and Pull-Out Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2605-4181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phornpot","family":"Chainok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand"},{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5332-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas, Amazonas 69067-005, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4527-3865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Arturo","family":"Abraldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Science, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcio","family":"Borgonovo-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140408522826","article-title":"An analysis of the rollover backstroke turn by age-group swimmers","volume":"3","author":"Blanksby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.05.062","article-title":"Development of a pressure sensor for swimming turns","volume":"13","author":"Webster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1026374","article-title":"Kinematic, kinetic and EMG analysis of four front crawl flip turn techniques","volume":"33","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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