{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T15:06:50Z","timestamp":1761491210655,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04748\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Covid-19 pandemic forced, at the final rounds of 2019\u20132020 season, in many different sport leagues worldwide, teams to play without an audience. Therefore, the present paper aims to compare the home advantage score in the last ten rounds in 2019\u20132020 season with the first 24 rounds in same season using Pollard\u2019s (1986) and Matos et al.\u2019s (2020) methods. In addition, comparisons across different seasons (2016\u20132017; 2017\u20132018; 2018\u20132019 and 2019\u20132020) using the same methods were also analyzed. Results showed no differences (p &gt; 0.05) between first 24 rounds and the last 10 in 2019\u20132020 season as well as in the 3 previous seasons. With Pollard\u2019s method, no differences (p &gt; 0.05) were also found among those four seasons on global (all 34 rounds) home advantage. However, a significance difference between 2017\u20132018 and 2019\u20132020 (p &lt; 0.05) was founded using Matos et al.\u2019s (2020) method, which is an indicator of the importance of using complementary methods when analyzing the same realities. Overall, despite what might be expectable from recent findings, the lack of an audience in the last 10 rounds of Portuguese Football League 2019\u20132020 season, due to COVID-19 pandemic, did not affect home advantage. Therefore, future studies could try to analyze other different variables in Portuguese Football League, such as referees\u2019 behaviors, rules changing (e.g., the possibility of making five substitutions, instead of three), crowd dimension and density as well as include variables about odds as forecasts in football being played without crowds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T11:48:29Z","timestamp":1617623309000},"page":"3761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Home-Advantage during COVID-19: An Analysis in Portuguese Football League"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2034-0585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), IPSantar\u00e9m\/IPLeiria, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7179-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-9430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), IPSantar\u00e9m\/IPLeiria, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0331-166X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), IPSantar\u00e9m\/IPLeiria, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Botas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8160-8007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), IPSantar\u00e9m\/IPLeiria, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/02640418608732122","article-title":"Home advantage in soccer: A retrospective analysis","volume":"4","author":"Pollard","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. 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