{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T14:47:23Z","timestamp":1767451643903,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI18CIII\/00046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18CIII\/00046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2019\/HUM-5698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2019\/HUM-5698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"REDISSEC co-funded by European Regional Development Fund\/European Social Fund \u201cA way to make Europe\u201d\/\u201dInvesting in your future\u201d","award":["RD16\/0005\/0002 and RD16\/0001\/0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0005\/0002 and RD16\/0001\/0005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to analyze the determinants of quality of life (QoL) in older people in three European countries (Portugal, Spain and Sweden). A sample of 7589 participants in waves 4 (2011) and 6 (2015) of the Survey on Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) project, aged 50 and over and living in Portugal, Spain and Sweden, was included. The CASP-12 scale was used to measure QoL. A principal component analysis was performed to group preselected variables related to active and healthy ageing into the dimensions of health, social participation, and lifelong learning. A linear regression model was built using the change in CASP-12 scores over the 4-year follow-up as the dependent variable, including the interactions between country and each independent variable in the model. After four years, the average QoL increased in Portugal (difference = 0.8, p &lt; 0.001), decreased in Spain (\u22120.8, p &lt; 0.001), and remained constant in Sweden (0.1, p = 0.408). A significant country-participation component interaction (p = 0.039) was found. In Spain, a higher participation (\u03b2 = 0.031, p = 0.002) was related to a higher QoL improvement at 4 years, but not in Sweden or Portugal. Physical health and emotional components (\u03b2 = 0.099, p &lt; 0.001), functional ability (\u03b2 = 0.044, p = 0.023), and cognitive and sensory ability (\u03b2 = 0.021, p = 0.026) were associated with QoL changes over time in all countries. The country-specific associations between health, social participation and QoL should be taken into account when developing public health policies to promote QoL among European older people.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T15:30:39Z","timestamp":1618414239000},"page":"4152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Influence of Active and Healthy Ageing on Quality of Life Changes: Insights from the Comparison of Three European Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4855-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Ayala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University Carlos III of Madrid, 28903 Getafe, Spain"},{"name":"Health Service Research Network on Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"University Institute of Gender Studies, University Carlos III of Madrid, 28903 Getafe, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3829-0675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Bl\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Epidemiology Centre, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9064-9222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amaia","family":"Calder\u00f3n-Larra\u00f1aga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2615-226X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgi","family":"Beridze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-501 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fermina","family":"Rojo-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Economics, Geography and Demography, Spanish National Research Council (IEGD-CSIC), 28037 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mayoralas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Economics, Geography and Demography, Spanish National Research Council (IEGD-CSIC), 28037 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8812-6841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Economics, Geography and Demography, Spanish National Research Council (IEGD-CSIC), 28037 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0151-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Quir\u00f3s-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Planificaci\u00f3n, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0933-8986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Zorrilla-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Gender Studies, University Carlos III of Madrid, 28903 Getafe, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Silveria","family":"Agull\u00f3-Tom\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Gender Studies, University Carlos III of Madrid, 28903 Getafe, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4740-7951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3935-962X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Forjaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Service Research Network on Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"National Epidemiology Centre, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kalache, A. (2015). Section III: Active Ageing\u2014Fostering resilience over the life course. Active Ageing: A Policy Framework in Response to the Longevity Revolution, International Longevity Centre Brazil."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Healthy Ageing. World Report on Ageing and Health, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"104","article-title":"The WHO Active Ageing Pillars and Its Association with Survival: Findings from a Population-Based Study in Spain","volume":"90","author":"Ayala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1997). WHOQOL: Measuring Quality of Life, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Associative Participation of Older Adults and Subjective Quality of Life: Exploring Self-Selection Bias","volume":"35","author":"Forjaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ageing Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mayoralas, G., Rojo-P\u00e9rez, F., Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez, V., S\u00e1nchez-Rom\u00e1n, M., Schettini, R., Rodr\u00edguez-Bl\u00e1zquez, C., Agull\u00f3-Tom\u00e1s, M.S., and Abad, F. (2020). Marco te\u00f3rico y estudio de dise\u00f1o e implementaci\u00f3n de investigaci\u00f3n cualitativa en Envejecimiento Activo, Calidad de Vida y G\u00e9nero. Envejecimiento Activo, Calidad de Vida y G\u00e9nero. Las Miradas Acad\u00e9mica, Institucional y Social, Tirant lo Blanch."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.040071","article-title":"Quality of Life at Older Ages: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (Wave 1)","volume":"60","author":"Netuveli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, T., Christiansen, L.B., Schipperijn, J., and Cerin, E. (2021). Social Network Characteristics as Correlates and Moderators of Older Adults\u2019 Quality of Life-the SHARE Study. Eur. J. Public Health.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab001"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1997-y","article-title":"More than Health: Quality of Life Trajectories among Older Adults-Findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA)","volume":"28","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbabella, F., Cela, E., Di Matteo, C., Socci, M., Lamura, G., Checcucci, P., and Principi, A. (2020). New Multilevel Partnerships and Policy Perspectives on Active Ageing in Italy: A National Plan of Action. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249585"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Srakar, A., and Rupel, V.P. (2019). Multiple Chronic Conditions in Older People in European Countries: A Network Analysis Approach. Health and Socio\u2013Economic Status over the Life Course, Walter de Gruyter GmbH."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Pita-Barros, P., Pimentel-Santos, F., and Dias-Neto, D. (2019). Grip Strength across Europe\u2013North\/South and East\/West Divides. Health and Socio\u2013Economic Status over the Life Course, Walter de Gruyter GmbH."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Mackenbach, J., Avendano, M., Andersen-Ranberg, K., and Aro, A.R. (2005). Physical Health. First Results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging (MEA)."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2011.631612","article-title":"Cross-National Differences in Older Adult Loneliness","volume":"146","author":"Fokkema","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"von dem Knesebeck, O., Hyde, M., Higgs, P., Kupfer, A., and Siegrist, J. (2005). Quality of Life and Well-Being. First Results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging (MEA)."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Eurostat (2019). Ageing Europe. Looking at the Lives of Older People in the EU, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willekens, F. (2014). Demographic Transitions in Europe and the World, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. MPIDR Working Paper 2014-004.","DOI":"10.4054\/MPIDR-WP-2014-004"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_18.1","unstructured":"Division de la Nations Unies (2019). Department of Economic and Social Affairs"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_18.2","unstructured":"Population Division World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights, United Nations, (ST\/ESA\/SER.A\/423)."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt088","article-title":"SHARE Central Coordination Team. Data Resource Profile: The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)","volume":"42","author":"Brandt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2020, May 28). SHARE project Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe. Release Guide 6.1.1 2018. Available online: http:\/\/www.share-project.org\/fileadmin\/pdf_documentation\/SHARE_release_guide_6-1-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Abduladze, L., Malter, F., and B\u00f6rsch-Supan, A. (2013). SHARE Wave 4: Innovations & Methodology, MEA, Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, C., Joye, D., Smith, T.W., and Fu, Y. (2016). The SAGE Handbook of Survey Methodology, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473957893"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-007-9220-5","article-title":"The Evaluation of a Self-Enumerated Scale of Quality of Life (CASP-19) in the Context of Research on Ageing: A Combination of Exploratory and Confirmatory Approaches","volume":"89","author":"Wiggins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Borrat-Besson, C., Ryser, V.A., and Gon\u00e7alves, J. (2015). An Evaluation of the CASP-12 Scale Used in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to Measure Quality of Life among People Aged 50, FORS."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1292208","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the CASP-12 in a Spanish Older Community Dwelling Sample","volume":"22","author":"Noriega","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Bl\u00e1zquez, C., Ribeiro, O., Ayala, A., Teixeira, L., Ara\u00fajo, L., and Forjaz, M.J. (2020). Psychometric Properties of the CASP-12 Scale in Portugal: An Analysis Using SHARE Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186610"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Christelis, D., Jappelli, T., and Padula, M. (2008). Real and Financial Assets in SHARE Wave 2, Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"De Luca, G., and Rossetti, C. (2019). Stata Program to Compute Calibrated Weights from Scientific Usefile and Additional Database, SERISS. SERISS report."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Rubin, D.B. (2004). Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-017-1828-5","article-title":"What Is Happening with Quality of Life among the Oldest People in Southern European Countries? An Empirical Approach Based on the SHARE Data","volume":"140","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"United Nations Economic Comission for Europe (2019). 2018 Active Ageing Index: Analytical Report, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beridze, G., Ayala, A., Ribeiro, O., Fern\u00e1ndez-Mayoralas, G., Rodr\u00edguez-Bl\u00e1zquez, C., Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez, V., Rojo-P\u00e9rez, F., Forjaz, M.J., and Calder\u00f3n-Larra\u00f1aga, A. (2020). Are Loneliness and Social Isolation Associated with Quality of Life in Older Adults? Insights from Northern and Southern Europe. Int. J. Environ. Res Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228637"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-015-0308-8","article-title":"What Impact Has the Economic Crisis Had on Quality of Life in Europe? A Multidimensional and Fuzzy Approach","volume":"51","author":"Betti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Blanchard, O., and Portugal, P. (2017, January 19\u201317). How to Strengthen the Portuguese Recovery. Proceedings of the Conference Portugal from Here to Where, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). Impact of Economic Crises on Mental Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Leahy, A., Healy, S., and Murphy, M. (2013). The Impact of the European Crisis: A Study of the Impact of the Crisis and Austerity on People, with a Special Focus on Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain, Caritas Europa."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106073","article-title":"Socioeconomic Position and Quality of Life among Older People: The Mediating Role of Social Support","volume":"135","author":"Henriques","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, O., Teixeira, L., Ara\u00fajo, L., Rodr\u00edguez-Bl\u00e1zquez, C., Calder\u00f3n-Larra\u00f1aga, A., and Forjaz, M.J. (2020). Anxiety, Depression and Quality of Life in Older Adults: Trajectories of Influence across Age. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17239039"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-016-1497-9","article-title":"A Space\u2013Time Study for Mapping Quality of Life in Andalusia during the Crisis","volume":"135","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s41549-020-00045-z","article-title":"Spanish Economic-Financial Crisis: Social and Academic Interest","volume":"16","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Cycle Res."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"137","article-title":"The House and Its Social Surroundings. Quantitative Analysis from People over 50 Years Old","volume":"170","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Investigaciones Sociol\u00f3gicas"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50232-4_12","article-title":"Technologies and Images of Older Women","volume":"Volume 12209","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-012-0232-x","article-title":"Components and Determinants of Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Older Adults","volume":"9","author":"Forjaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Bl\u00e1zquez, C., Fern\u00e1ndez-Mayoralas, G., Rojo-P\u00e9rez, F., Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00edn, P., and Forjaz, M.J. (2017). Quality of Life of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Spain. Quality of Life in Communities of Latin Countries, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-53183-0_14"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"67","article-title":"The Personal Wellbeing among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Spain and Associated Factors","volume":"3","author":"Forjaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Soc. Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojo-P\u00e9rez, F., Fern\u00e1ndez-Mayoralas, G., Forjaz, M.-J., Prieto-Flores, M.-E., and Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00edn, P. (2016). Residential Environment and Health Conditions Among Older-Adults in Community-Dwelling in Spain: What Influences Quality of Life?. Environmental Gerontology in Europe and Latin America, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21419-1_8"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez, D., and Rodr\u00edguez Rodr\u00edguez, V. (2016). Introduction to Environmental Gerontology in Latin America and Europe. Policies and perspectives on environment and aging. Environmental Gerontology in Europe and Latin America, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21419-1"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2002). Active Ageing: A Policy Framework, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mayoralas, G. (2011). La salud y el funcionamiento como dimensi\u00f3n de la calidad de vida. Calidad de Vida y Envejecimiento. La Visi\u00f3n de los Mayores sobre Sus Condiciones de Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n BBVA."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez Rodr\u00edguez, V., Rojo P\u00e9rez, F., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Mayoralas, G. (2016). Transferencias econ\u00f3micas en los \u00e1mbitos familiar y social. Poblaci\u00f3n y Territorio en la Encrucijada de las Ciencias Sociales. Dom\u00ednguez M\u00fagica, J., y R. D\u00edaz Hern\u00e1ndez, Actas del XV Congreso de la Poblaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-016-1436-x","article-title":"Quality of Life in People Aged 65+ in Europe: Associated Factors and Models of Social Welfare\u2014Analysis of Data from the SHARE Project (Wave 5)","volume":"26","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu004","article-title":"The Association between Life Course Socioeconomic Position and Life Satisfaction in Different Welfare States: European Comparative Study of Individuals in Early Old Age","volume":"43","author":"Niedzwiedz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbu143","article-title":"The Paradox of Leisure in Later Life","volume":"71","author":"Nimrod","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X07006198","article-title":"The Outdoor Mobility and Leisure Activities of Older People in Five European Countries","volume":"27","author":"Gagliardi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ageing Soc."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/8\/4152\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:48:02Z","timestamp":1760161682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/8\/4152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18084152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18084152","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]}}}