{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:54:23Z","timestamp":1768553663143,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. The COVID-19 lockdown could engender disruption to lifestyle behaviors, thus impairing mental wellbeing in the general population. This study investigated whether sociodemographic variables, changes in physical activity, and sleep quality from pre- to during lockdown were predictors of change in mental wellbeing in quarantined older adults. Methods. A 12-week international online survey was launched in 14 languages on 6 April 2020. Forty-one research institutions from Europe, Western-Asia, North-Africa, and the Americas, promoted the survey. The survey was presented in a differential format with questions related to responses \u201cpre\u201d and \u201cduring\u201d the lockdown period. Participants responded to the Short Warwick\u2013Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire, and the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results. Replies from older adults (aged &gt;55 years, n = 517), mainly from Europe (50.1%), Western-Asia (6.8%), America (30%), and North-Africa (9.3%) were analyzed. The COVID-19 lockdown led to significantly decreased mental wellbeing, sleep quality, and total physical activity energy expenditure levels (all p &lt; 0.001). Regression analysis showed that the change in total PSQI score and total physical activity energy expenditure (F(2, 514) = 66.41 p &lt; 0.001) were significant predictors of the decrease in mental wellbeing from pre- to during lockdown (p &lt; 0.001, R2: 0.20). Conclusion. COVID-19 lockdown deleteriously affected physical activity and sleep patterns. Furthermore, change in the total PSQI score and total physical activity energy expenditure were significant predictors for the decrease in mental wellbeing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T11:21:38Z","timestamp":1618831298000},"page":"4329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Sleep Quality and Physical Activity as Predictors of Mental Wellbeing Variance in Older Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown: ECLB COVID-19 International Online Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-9557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Trabelsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-8053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achraf","family":"Ammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science, Otto-Von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France"}]},{"given":"Liwa","family":"Masmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2861-0164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Boukhris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5482-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamdi","family":"Chtourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3692-9482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bassem","family":"Bouaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimedia InfoRmation Systems and Advanced Computing Laboratory (MIRACL), Higher Institute of Computer Science and Multimedia of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Brach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4720-9181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Bentlage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}]},{"given":"Daniella","family":"How","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Notger","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Hsen","family":"Hsouna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Yousri","family":"Elghoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Romdhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Hammouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3451-5056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laisa","family":"Paineiras-Domingos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade Bezerra de Ara\u00fajo, Rio de Janeiro 23052-180, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Braakman-Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Health &amp; Technology, University of Twente, 7522 Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5748-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Wrede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Health &amp; Technology, University of Twente, 7522 Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Bastoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Health &amp; Technology, University of Twente, 7522 Enschede, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Pernambuco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Fisiologia do Exerc\u00edcio, Est\u00e1cio de S\u00e1 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and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough E11 3TU, UK"}]},{"given":"Jarred","family":"Acton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough E11 3TU, UK"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough E11 3TU, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5709-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Bott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Excellence Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}]},{"given":"Faiez","family":"Gargouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimedia InfoRmation Systems and Advanced Computing Laboratory (MIRACL), Higher Institute of Computer Science and Multimedia of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, 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and Social Services, Government of Extremadura, 06800 Merida, Spain"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The E-Senior Association, 75020 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Robbert","family":"Sanderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9712 Groningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Jerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}]},{"given":"Ramzi","family":"Al-Horani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"}]},{"given":"Taysir","family":"Mansi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Dergaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PHCC, Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Jmail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Research Centre of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2656-5291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Ferreira-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bo\u0161tjan","family":"\u0160imuni\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Rado","family":"Pi\u0161ot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7597-8105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u0161a","family":"Pi\u0161ot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gaggioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart I UNICATT, 20123 Milano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5054-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Steinacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Zmijewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-809 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Apfelbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Medicine and Health Economy, Otto-Von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2563-4291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan","family":"Glenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}]},{"given":"A\u00efmen","family":"Khacharem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UVHC, DeVisu, Valenciennes, LIRTES-EA 7313, Universit\u00e9 Paris Est Cr\u00e9teil Val de Marne, 94000 Creteil, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6610-4617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cain","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}]},{"given":"Helmi","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Farhat HACHED de Sousse, Laboratoire de Recherche \u201cInsuffisance Cardiaque\u201d, Universit\u00e9 de Sousse, Sousse LR12SP09, Tunisie"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Chamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha 29222, Qatar"},{"name":"Laboratory \u201cSport Performance Optimization\u201d, (CNMSS), ISSEP Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba 2010, 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