{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:57:48Z","timestamp":1760234268287,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The etiology of orofacial cleft (OC) is not completely known but several genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified. Moreover, a knowledge gap still persists regarding neonatal characteristics. This study evaluated the effect of parental age and mothers\u2019 body mass index on the risk of having an OC child, in a matched year and sex group (cleft\/healthy control). Additionally, birth data were analyzed between groups. (2) Methods: 266 individuals born between 1995 to 2015 were evaluated: 133 OC individuals (85 males\/48 females) and 133 control (85 males\/48 females). A logistic model was used for the independent variables. ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparison between the OC phenotypes. (3) Results: Regarding statistically significant parental related factors, the probability of having a cleft child decreases for each maternal year increase (odds ratio = 0.903) and increases for each body mass index unit (kg\/m2) increase (odds ratio = 1.14). On the child data birth, for each mass unit (kg) increase, the probability of having a cleft child decrease (odds ratio = 0.435). (4) Conclusions: In this study, only maternal body mass index and maternal age found statistical differences in the risk of having a cleft child. In the children\u2019s initial data, the cleft group found a higher risk of having a lower birth weight but no relation was found regarding length and head circumference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T02:31:43Z","timestamp":1619490703000},"page":"4615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Parental Risk Factors and Child Birth Data in a Matched Year and Sex Group Cleft Population: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3283-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Francisco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0015-8604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Caramelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research of Coimbra (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9391-9574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Helena","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, 4160-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2615-2929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.10088","article-title":"Birth order and oral clefts: A meta analysis","volume":"66","author":"Vieira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Mossey, P.A., and Castilla, E. (2021, March 23). Global Registry and Database on Craniofacial Anomalies. Report of a WHO Registry Meeting on Craniofacial Anomalies. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/42840\/9241591102.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"35","article-title":"Increasing incidence of clefts in Finland: Reliability of hospital records and central register of congenital malformations","volume":"16","author":"Rintala","year":"1982","journal-title":"Scand. J. Plast Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"213","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and oral clefts: A meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Little","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (2021, January 27). EUROCAT Data and Surveillance\u2014Prevalence (per 10,000 Births) for the Following Registries: All Full Registries, Oro-Facial Clefts, from 2011\u20132018. Available online: https:\/\/eu-rd-platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/eurocat\/eurocat-data\/prevalence_en."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2007.00398.x","article-title":"Epidemiology underpinning research in the aetiology of orofacial clefts","volume":"10","author":"Mossey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31381","article-title":"Genetics of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate","volume":"163","author":"Leslie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. C Semin. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1597\/10-178","article-title":"Genetics of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts","volume":"49","author":"Rahimov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-200111000-00001","article-title":"Association between maternal diabetes mellitus and newborn oral cleft","volume":"47","author":"Spilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Wang, X.H., Zheng, X.M., Liu, T.Z., Zhang, W.B., Zheng, H., and Chen, M.F. (2015). Maternal gestational smoking, diabetes, alcohol drinking, pre-pregnancy obesity and the risk of cryptorchidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLOS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119006"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e035817","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035817","article-title":"Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study Group. Maternal multivitamin intake and orofacial clefts in offspring: Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study (JECS) cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Yoshida","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0024","article-title":"Risk factors and comorbidities in Brazilian patients with orofacial clefts","volume":"32","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40902-020-00270-7","article-title":"Assessment of the correlation between various risk factors and orofacial cleft disorder spectrum: A retrospective case-control study","volume":"42","author":"Cheshmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1590\/S1808-86942010000100018","article-title":"Maternal and paternal age, birth order and interpregnancy interval evaluation for cleft lip-palate","volume":"76","author":"Martelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"78","article-title":"Family history and risk factors for cleft lip and palate patients and their associated anomalies","volume":"19","author":"Jamilian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stomatologija"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1827","article-title":"Folate intake, markers of folate status and oral clefts: An updated set of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"112","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn035","article-title":"Maternal dietary intake of vitamin A and risk of orofacial clefts: A population-based case-control study in Norway","volume":"167","author":"Johansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000208348.30012.35","article-title":"Maternal nutrient intakes and risk of orofacial clefts","volume":"17","author":"Shaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1597\/04-012.1","article-title":"Maternal obesity and the risk for orofacial clefts in the offspring","volume":"42","author":"Cedergren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12084","article-title":"Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and risk of selected birth defects: Evidence of a dose-response relationship","volume":"27","author":"Block","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"190","article-title":"Maternal underweight and obesity and risk of orofacial clefts in a large international consortium of population-based studies","volume":"46","author":"Kutbi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1998_035_0255_bwblac_2.3.co_2","article-title":"Birth weight, body length, and cranial circumference in newborns with cleft lip or palate","volume":"35","author":"Becker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.27.2.475367q2601u3x4w","article-title":"Birth weight and gestational age of newborns with cleft lip with or without cleft palate and with isolated cleft palate","volume":"27","author":"Wyszynski","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665620951099","article-title":"Impact of Maternal Smoking on Nonsyndromic Clefts: Sex-Specific Associations with Side and Laterality","volume":"58","author":"Kruse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.11.047","article-title":"Growth curves: How to best measure growth of the preterm infant","volume":"162","author":"Bhatia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira-da-Silva, L., Virella, D., and Fusch, C. (2019). Nutritional Assessment in Preterm Infants: A Practical Approach in the NICU. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11091999"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2011.10.002","article-title":"Parental age as a risk factor for non-syndromic oral clefts: A meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Herkrath","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.20396\/bjos.v15i2.8648758","article-title":"Parental age is related to the occurrence of cleft lip and palate in Brazilian populations","volume":"15","author":"Carvalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23417","article-title":"Parental risk factors for oral clefts among Central Africans, Southeast Asians, and Central Americans","volume":"103","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12241","article-title":"Parental age in relation to the severity of cleft lip and\/or palate","volume":"21","author":"Hermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.05.003","article-title":"Parental age and the risk of isolated cleft lip: A registry-based study","volume":"25","author":"Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.113","article-title":"Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"301","author":"Stothard","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.5037\/jomr.2015.6101","article-title":"What is the Risk of Having Offspring with Cleft Lip\/Palate in Pre-Maternal Obese\/Overweight Women When Compared to Pre-Maternal Normal Weight Women? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Izedonmwen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2015.05.017","article-title":"Maternal obesity is a risk factor for orofacial clefts: A meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Blanco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.66","article-title":"Maternal body mass index and congenital anomaly risk: A cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Rankin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-016-9884-3","article-title":"Obesity and related consequences to ageing","volume":"38","author":"Jura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Mauk, K. (2009). Gerontological Nursing: Competencies for Care, Jones and Bartlett Publishers. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1597\/14-003","article-title":"Weight, Length, and Body Mass Index Growth of Children under 2 Years of Age with Cleft Lip and Palate","volume":"53","author":"Miranda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60695-4","article-title":"Cleft lip and palate","volume":"374","author":"Mossey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/9\/4615\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:53:10Z","timestamp":1760161990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/9\/4615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18094615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18094615","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]}}}