{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T06:29:41Z","timestamp":1778653781735,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Listening to adolescents\u2019 voices has been important to promote meaningful physical activity (PA) opportunities. Therefore, an updated systematic review of the available qualitative literature on adolescents\u2019 perspectives on the barriers and facilitators of PA was conducted, according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies published between 2014 (date of the last systematic review) and 2020 were searched in the Web of Science, EBSCO, and SCOPUS databases. Based on the inclusion criteria applied, 30 out of 8069 studies were included in the review. A thematic analysis was used to inductively and deductively analyze the perspectives of ~1250 adolescents (13\u201318 years). The studies took place in 13 countries from different continents. The main PA barriers and facilitators of PA were presented and discussed around five higher-order themes: (1) Individual factors (e.g., psychological\u2014motivation, self\u2014efficacy; cognitive\u2014knowledge, understanding; physical\u2014motor skills); (2) social and relational factors (family, friends, significant others); (3) PA nature factors (fun, school-based PA and physical education); (4) life factors (time and competing activities; life-course); and (5) sociocultural and environmental factors (e.g., availability\/access to PA facilities, programs; urban\/rural zones). By transnationally framing adolescents\u2019 voices, this study provides updated evidence and discusses innovative implications for developing tailored interventions and pedagogical strategies aimed at promoting active and healthy lifestyles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T11:10:27Z","timestamp":1620299427000},"page":"4954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Adolescents\u2019 Perspectives on the Barriers and Facilitators of Physical Activity: An Updated Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2540-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana e UIDEF, Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte y la Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica, Universidad de A Coru\u00f1a, 15001 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"ISAMB, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3623-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Studies and Physical Education Programme, School of Education, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8681-0642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Est\u00e1dio Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3040-256 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9850-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adilson","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISAMB, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1364-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udio","family":"Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2486-3754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Onofre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana e UIDEF, Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3993-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Gonz\u00e1lez","family":"Valeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte y la Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica, Universidad de A Coru\u00f1a, 15001 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2","article-title":"Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: A pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1\u00b76 million participants","volume":"4","author":"Guthold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, A., Henriques-Neto, D., Peralta, M., Martins, J., Demetriou, Y., Sch\u00f6nbach, D.M.I., and De Matos, M.G. (2020). Prevalence of Physical Activity among Adolescents from 105 Low, Middle, and High-Income Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093145"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30581-5","article-title":"Progress in physical activity over the Olympic quadrennium","volume":"388","author":"Sallis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Glanz, K., Rimer, B., and Viswanath, K. (2015). Ecological models of health behavior. Health Behavior. Theory, Research and Practice, Joissey-Bass."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60735-1","article-title":"Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not?","volume":"380","author":"Bauman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.47197\/retos.v0i31.53505","article-title":"Correlates of physical activity in young people: A narrative review of reviews. Implications for physical education based on a socio-ecological approach (Correlatos de actividad f\u00edsica en j\u00f3venes: Una revisi\u00f3n narrativa de revisiones. Implicaciones para","volume":"31","author":"Martins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retos"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200005000-00014","article-title":"A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Sallis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Making Human Beings Human: Bioecological Perspectives on Human Development, Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.02.040","article-title":"Identifying correlates and determinants of physical activity in youth: How can we advance the field?","volume":"87","author":"Atkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0627-3","article-title":"Socio-cultural determinants of physical activity across the life course: A \u2018Determinants of Diet and Physical Activity\u2019 (DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review","volume":"14","author":"Jaeschke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyl063","article-title":"Understanding participation in sport and physical activity among children and adults: A review of qualitative studies","volume":"21","author":"Allender","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyv042","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 Perspectives on the Barriers and Facilitators of Physical Activity: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies","volume":"30","author":"Martins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyl120","article-title":"Young people and physical activity: A systematic review matching their views to effective interventions","volume":"21","author":"Rees","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39320.843947.BE","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity in children and adolescents: Systematic review of controlled trials","volume":"335","author":"McMinn","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5888","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e5888","article-title":"Effectiveness of intervention on physical activity of children: Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials with objectively measured outcomes (EarlyBird 54)","volume":"345","author":"Metcalf","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117118818747","article-title":"Adolescent Girls\u2019 Perceptions of Physical Activity: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies","volume":"33","author":"Corr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Inchley, J., Currie, D., Young, T., Samdal, O., Torsheim, T., Augustson, L., Mathison, F., Aleman-Diaz, A., Molcho, M., and Weber, M. (2016). Growing up Unequal: Gender and Socioeconomic Differences in Young People\u2019s Health and Well-Being, WHO Regional Office for Europe."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, J., Marques, A., Peralta, M., Henriques-Neto, D., Costa, J., Onofre, M., and Valeiro, M.G. (2020). A Comparative Study of Participation in Physical Education Classes among 170,347 Adolescents from 54 Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155579"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan, M., and MacPhail, A. (2010). Young People\u2019s Voices in Physical Education and Youth Sport, Routledge. Routledge Studies in Physical Education and Youth Sport.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203881897"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090236","article-title":"Perceived barriers and facilitators to physical activity for children with disability: A systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Shields","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberati, A., Altman, D.G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., G\u00f8tzsche, P.C., Ioannidis, J.P., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P.J., Kleijnen, J., and Moher, D. (2009). The Prisma Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.2427\/5768"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.014829","article-title":"Applying Systematic Review Methods to Studies of People\u2019s Views: An Example from Public Health Research","volume":"58","author":"Harden","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Rees, R., Caird, J., Dickson, K., Vigurs, C., and Thomas, J. (2013). The Views of Young People in the UK about Obesity, Body Size, Shape and Weight: A Systematic Review, University of London Evidence for Policy and Practice Information Centre."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Software, VERBI (2019). Maxqda 2020 [Computer Software], VERBI Software."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-45","article-title":"Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, J., Rodrigues, A., Marques, A., Cale, L., and Da Costa, F.C. (2020). Adolescents\u2019 Experiences and Perspectives on Physical Activity and Friend Influences Over Time. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport, 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2020.1739607"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"EndNote (2013). Endnote X9 Software, Clarivate Analytics."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/09540253.2015.1093098","article-title":"\u2018Power, regulation and physically active identities\u2019: The experiences of rural and regional living adolescent girls","volume":"28","author":"Casey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gend. Educ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-016-9738-6","article-title":"The influence of friends and psychosocial factors on physical activity and screen time behavior in adolescents: A mixed-methods analysis","volume":"39","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1080\/09540253.2015.1078875","article-title":"Girls\u2019 active identities: Navigating othering discourses of femininity, bodies and physical education","volume":"27","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gend. Educ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435099","DOI":"10.1080\/17482631.2018.1435099","article-title":"A grounded theory of how social support influences physical activity in adolescent girls","volume":"13","author":"Laird","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Stud. Health Well-Being"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155686","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155686","article-title":"Social and Physical Environmental Factors Influencing Adolescents\u2019 Physical Activity in Urban Public Open Spaces: A Qualitative Study Using Walk-Along Interviews","volume":"11","author":"Deforche","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"384","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 Perception of the Psychosocial Factors affecting Sustained Engagement in Sports and Physical Activity","volume":"9","author":"Gavin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/13573322.2016.1178109","article-title":"The Influence of Body Discourses on Adolescents\u2019 (Non)Participation in Physical Activity","volume":"23","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sport Educ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/13573322.2016.1229290","article-title":"Exploring the Perspectives of Physically Active and Inactive Adolescents: How Does Physical Education Influence Their Lifestyles?","volume":"23","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sport Educ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12812","article-title":"Investigating Adolescent Girls\u2019 Perceptions and Experiences of School-Based Physical Activity to Inform the Girls\u2019 Peer Activity Intervention Study","volume":"89","author":"Owen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2013.766816","article-title":"\u2018Once upon a time I used to be active\u2019. Adopting a narrative approach to understanding physical activity behaviour in adolescent girls","volume":"6","author":"Knowles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Sport Exerc. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.rfnsp.e337834","article-title":"Facilitadores Y Barreras Percibidos En La Pr\u00e1ctica De La Actividad F\u00edsica En Adolescentes Escolarizados En Piedecuesta (Santander), En 2016: An\u00e1lisis Cualitativo","volume":"38","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. Nac. De Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2019.02.001","article-title":"Research to Support the Development of a Campaign to Increase Physical Activity Among Low-Income, Urban, Diverse, Inactive Teens","volume":"51","author":"Bair","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2014-0076","article-title":"Iranian adolescents\u2019 insufficient physical activity: A mixed methods explanatory sequential study","volume":"28","author":"Baheiraei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/13573322.2016.1228047","article-title":"Young people\u2019s knowledge and understanding of health, fitness and physical activity: Issues, divides and dilemmas","volume":"23","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sport Educ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28790","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v8.28790","article-title":"A model for promoting physical activity among rural South African adolescent girls","volume":"8","author":"Kinsman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2014-0049","article-title":"Perceived Benefits, Facilitators, Disadvantages, and Barriers for Physical Activity Amongst South Asian Adolescents in India and Canada","volume":"12","author":"Rajaraman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2013.780589","article-title":"Let US tell YOU! South Asian, Muslim girls tell tales about physical education","volume":"19","author":"Stride","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagog."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/13573322.2014.938622","article-title":"Centralising space: The physical education and physical activity experiences of South Asian, Muslim girls","volume":"21","author":"Stride","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sport Educ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/18377122.2016.1240592","article-title":"I Don\u2019t Want My Parents\u2019 Respect Going Down the Drain\u2019: South Asian, Muslim Young Women Negotiating Family and Physical Activity","volume":"8","author":"Stride","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Health Sport Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/25742981.2018.1478673","article-title":"\u2018Homing in\u2019: South Asian, Muslim young women and their physical activity in and around the home","volume":"9","author":"Stride","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curric. Stud. Health Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"361","article-title":"Exploring socio-ecological factors influencing active and inactive Spanish students in years 12 and 13","volume":"20","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sport Educ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2017.1417611","article-title":"Perspectives of children and adolescents on the perceived determinants of physical activity during recess","volume":"23","author":"Hannus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0733-x","article-title":"An Activity-Friendly Environment from the Adolescent Perspective: A Concept Mapping Study 17 Psychology and Cognitive Sciences 1701 Psychology","volume":"15","author":"Hidding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5274-3","article-title":"Teenage recommendations to improve physical activity for their age group: A qualitative study","volume":"18","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"302","article-title":"Physical Activity Perceptions in Adolescents: A Qualitative Study Involving Photo Elicitation and Discussion Groups","volume":"34","author":"Canet","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"e201908047","article-title":"Barriers and Motivations Perceived by Adolescents Related to Physical Activity. Qualitative Study through Discussion Groups","volume":"93","author":"Velez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5075","DOI":"10.19082\/5075","article-title":"Teenage girls\u2019 experience of the determinants of physical activity promotion: A theory-based qualitative content analysis","volume":"9","author":"Borhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electron. Physician"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-019-0775-y","article-title":"Perspectives of adolescents, parents, and teachers on barriers and facilitators of physical activity among school-age adolescents: A qualitative analysis","volume":"24","author":"Abdelghaffar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2018.10.001","article-title":"Intrapersonal and Environmental Barriers to Physical Activity among Blacks and Latinos","volume":"51","author":"Sloane","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0182709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182709","article-title":"Psychological Determinants of Physical Activity across the Life Course: A \u201cDeterminants of Diet and Physical Activity\u201d (Dedipac) Umbrella Systematic Literature Review","volume":"12","author":"Cortis","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.12.004","article-title":"Motor competence and health related physical fitness in youth: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Cattuzzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0351-6","article-title":"Motor Competence and Its Effect on Positive Developmental Trajectories of Health","volume":"45","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2017.1342495","article-title":"Educating Students for a Lifetime of Physical Activity: Enhancing Mindfulness, Motivation, and Meaning","volume":"88","author":"Ennis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11125-020-09466-1","article-title":"International approaches to the definition, philosophical tenets, and core elements of physical literacy: A scoping review","volume":"50","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prospects"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2018.1435299","article-title":"How can interventions increase motivation for physical activity? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Knittle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000420","article-title":"Self-Determination Theory Applied to Physical Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"112","author":"Vasconcellos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2019.1661948","article-title":"The Project Changed My Life: Sport Education\u2019s Transformative Potential on Student Physical Literacy","volume":"91","author":"Farias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Best, P., Tully, M.A., Corepal, R., Kee, F., and Hunter, R.F. (2017). Time to \u2018Re-Think\u2019 Physical Activity Promotion for Young People? Results from a Repeated Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4136-8"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2013-0228","article-title":"Do Students Know the Physical Activity Recommendations for Health Promotion?","volume":"12","author":"Marques","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Cale, L. (2020). Physical education\u2019s journey on the road to health. Sport Educ. Soc., 1\u201314."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0405-7","article-title":"The role of social support on physical activity behaviour in adolescent girls: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Laird","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1123\/jsp.8.1.25","article-title":"Social Psychological Aspects of Competition for Male Youth Sport Participants: IV. Predictors of Enjoyment","volume":"8","author":"Scanlan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/02671522.2010.484866","article-title":"Fun and enjoyment in physical education: Young people\u2019s attitudes","volume":"26","author":"Dismore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Pap. Educ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2021.101743","article-title":"Barriers to High School and University Students\u2019 Physical Activity: A Systematic Review Protocol","volume":"106","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/9\/4954\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:57:43Z","timestamp":1760162263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/9\/4954"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18094954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18094954","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]}}}