{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:02:28Z","timestamp":1777636948403,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains the most common severe complication of preterm birth, and nutrition plays a crucial role in lung growth and repair. A practical nutritional approach for infants at risk of BPD or with established BPD is provided based on a comprehensive literature review. Ideally, infants with BPD should receive a fluid intake of not more than 135\u2013150 mL\/kg\/day and an energy intake of 120\u2013150 kcal\/kg\/day. Providing high energy in low volume remains a challenge and is the main cause of growth restriction in these infants. They need a nutritional strategy that encompasses early aggressive parenteral nutrition and the initiation of concentrated feedings of energy and nutrients. The order of priority is fortified mother\u2019s own milk, followed by fortified donor milk and preterm enriched formulas. Functional nutrient supplements with a potential protective role against BPD are revisited, despite the limited evidence of their efficacy. Specialized nutritional strategies may be necessary to overcome difficulties common in BPD infants, such as gastroesophageal reflux and poorly coordinated feeding. Planning nutrition support after discharge requires a multidisciplinary approach to deal with multiple potential problems. Regular monitoring based on anthropometry and biochemical markers is needed to guide the nutritional intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T14:16:04Z","timestamp":1623248164000},"page":"6245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Management of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Literature Review and Clinical Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3057-6054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6402-3285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herc\u00edlia","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7069-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Pereira-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Dona Estef\u00e2nia, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1159\/000497422","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: 50 Years after the Original Description","volume":"115","author":"Bancalari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196702162760701","article-title":"Pulmonary Disease Following Respirator Therapy of Hyaline-Membrane Disease","volume":"276","author":"Northway","year":"1967","journal-title":"N. 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