{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:20:56Z","timestamp":1773966056881,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]],"date-time":"2021-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Practices such as \u201cReiki\u201d, therapeutic touch, healing touch, and external \u201cQigong\u201d have been regarded as some form of \u201cenergy medicine\u201d or \u201cbiofield therapy\u201d. The biofield concept has been studied and debated by researchers of distinct areas of expertise, and although the phenomenon was sometimes described as physically related to electromagnetics, other factors such as \u201csubtle energy\u201d and focused intention might be involved. These nonconventional practices integrate contact and non-contact techniques, and those dealing with so-called distant healing interventions are perhaps the most difficult to understand and accept. Practitioners describe these so-called nonlocal interventions as involving intentional factors and particular states of consciousness. With a spiritual mindset and a particular state of awareness, compassion is said to work out as a catalyst to produce physiological and physical changes through mechanisms that are still unknown. At the body level, these vegetative changes might be related to individual self-perception variations as part of the body neurovegetative feedback system of regulation. Further mechanisms are difficult to document and measure, and might be more accessible to research by using physical signal detectors, chemical dynamics methods, detectors using biological materials, detectors using living sensors, and detectors using the human body. The growing interest in these practices and the considerable amount of research exploring their effects and clinical applications encouraged this narrative review, which aims to provide an easy to consult partial overview of the history, theory and findings of quantitative research strategies exploring non-contact biofield-based practices. This work also aims to stimulate the reader\u2019s mind with the raised hypotheses, catalyzing further research on the subject to confirm or deny the reported outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T10:30:25Z","timestamp":1623666625000},"page":"6397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Perspectives, Measurability and Effects of Non-Contact Biofield-Based Practices: A Narrative Review of Quantitative Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2698-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Carlos","family":"Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Bioci\u00eancias em Sa\u00fade Integrativa (CBSIn), Atl\u00e2ntico Business School, 4405-604 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Transdisciplinar de Estudos da Consci\u00eancia (CTEC), Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4570-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Pereira","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Bioci\u00eancias em Sa\u00fade Integrativa (CBSIn), Atl\u00e2ntico Business School, 4405-604 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1361-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Jorge","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Henry Johannes","family":"Greten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"German Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2009.09.012","article-title":"Biofield therapies: Energy medicine and primary care","volume":"37","author":"Rindfleisch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prim. 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