{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T06:21:47Z","timestamp":1775283707962,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultra-processed food (UPF) can be harmful to the population\u2019s health. To establish associations between UPF and health outcomes, food consumption can be assessed using availability data, such as purchase lists or household budget surveys. The aim of this systematic review was to search studies that related UPF availability with noncommunicable diseases or their risk factors. PRISMA guidelines were used. Searches were performed in PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus and Web of Science in February 2021. The search strategy included terms related to exposure (UPF) and outcomes (noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors). Studies that assessed only food consumption at an individual level and did not present health outcomes were excluded. Two reviewers conducted the selection process, and a third helped when disagreement occurred. The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale was used to assess the studies\u2019 quality; 998 records were analyzed. All 11 eligible studies were ecological and assessed overweight and obesity as a health outcome, only one showed no positive association with UPF availability. Two studies included the prevalence of diabetes as an outcome, however no significant association was found with UPF availability. Studies relating UPF availability and health outcomes are focused on overweight and obesity. It is necessary to further explore the relationship between other health outcomes and UPF availability using purchase or sales data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:23:36Z","timestamp":1626049416000},"page":"7382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Ultra-Processed Food Availability and Noncommunicable Diseases: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Taissa Pereira","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Public Health Institute, University of Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2652-4051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena M.","family":"de Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Public Health Institute, University of Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6521-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Institute, University of Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3837-3481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Public Health Institute, University of Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0647-5018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara S. P.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Public Health Institute, University of Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). European Health Report 2018 More Than Numbers\u2014Evidence for All, Regional Office for Europe."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.2307\/2938388","article-title":"Nutritional Patterns and Transitions","volume":"19","author":"Popkin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Popul. Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.2.289","article-title":"Global nutrition dynamics: The world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases","volume":"84","author":"Popkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. 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