{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T04:30:45Z","timestamp":1778041845005,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depression is the most common and devastating psychiatric disorder in the world. Its symptoms, especially during the pandemic, are observed in all age groups. Exercise training (ET) is well known as a non-pharmacological strategy to alleviate clinical depression. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the biological factors whose expression and secretion are intensified in response to ET. BDNF is also secreted by contracted skeletal muscle that likely exerts para-, auto- and endocrine effects, supporting the crosstalk between skeletal muscle and other distant organs\/tissues, such as the nervous system. This finding suggests that they communicate and work together to induce improvements on mood, cognition, and learning processes as BDNF is the main player in the neurogenesis, growth, and survival of neurons. Therefore, BDNF has been recognized as a therapeutic factor in clinical depression, especially in response to ET. The underlying mechanisms through which ET impacts depression are varied. The aim of this review was to provide information of the biological markers of depression such as monoamines, tryptophan, endocannabinoids, markers of inflammatory processes (oxidative stress and cytokines) stress and sex hormones and their relationship to BDNF. In addition, we reviewed the effects of ET on BNDF expression and how it impacts depression as well as the potential mechanisms mediating this process, providing a better understanding of underlying ET-related mechanisms in depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T09:32:07Z","timestamp":1626341527000},"page":"7553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["BDNF Impact on Biological Markers of Depression\u2014Role of Physical Exercise and Training"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8512-7278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Murawska-Cia\u0142owicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Biochemistry Department, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2594-3852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Wiatr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy Faculty, Medical University in Wroclaw, 50-355 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Cia\u0142owicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Faculty, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Gilmara","family":"Gomes de Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6119-297X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Borowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Diseases Department, Medical University in Wroclaw, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3724-1417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Rocha-Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Quinta de Prados, Edif\u00edcio Ci\u00eancias de Desporto, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, i3S, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4296-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Paprocka-Borowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy Faculty, Medical University in Wroclaw, 50-355 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9850-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adilson","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2020, November 01). Depression. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/depression."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/76863","article-title":"Inflammatory theory of depression","volume":"52","author":"Talarowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587557","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.587557","article-title":"Beneficial effects of exercise on depression and anxiety during the Covid-19 pandemic: A narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21243-x","article-title":"Prevalence of Depression in the Community from 30 Countries between 1994 and 2014","volume":"8","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0798-1","article-title":"Advances in depression research: Second special issue, 2020, with highlights on biological mechanisms, clinical features, co-morbidity, genetics, imaging, and treatment","volume":"25","author":"Licinio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00298.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of depression: Do we have any solid evidence of interest to clinicians?","volume":"9","author":"Hasler","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12604","article-title":"Neural basis of major depressive disorder: Beyond monoamine hypothesis","volume":"72","author":"Boku","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-33-6044-0_10","article-title":"Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in major depression: Its therapeutic implication","volume":"1305","author":"Bourin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.12.025","article-title":"Understanding the pathophysiology of depression: From monoamines to the neurogenesis hypothesis model\u2014Are we there yet?","volume":"341","author":"Jesulola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amadio, P., Zar\u00e0, M., Sandrini, L., Ieraci, A., and Barbieri, S.S. (2020). Depression and cardiovascular disease: The viewpoint of platelets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207560"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.07.037","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors","volume":"89","author":"Mazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83348-0","article-title":"Creation of a gene expression portrait of depression and its application for identifying potential treatments","volume":"11","author":"Gammie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-2044-6","article-title":"Neuronal correlates of depression","volume":"72","author":"Chaudhury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1020-7","article-title":"Depression and treatment response: Dynamic interplay of signaling pathways and altered neural processes","volume":"70","author":"Duric","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.02.033","article-title":"Depression: A case of neuronal life and death?","volume":"56","author":"Duman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.144","article-title":"BDNF at the synapse: Why location matters","volume":"22","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11313","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11313","article-title":"Low excitatory innervation balances high intrinsic excitability of immature dentate neurons","volume":"7","author":"Dieni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"584","article-title":"Exercise-dependent BDNF as a modulatory factor for the executive processing of individuals in course of cognitive decline. A systematic review","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14458","article-title":"New insights on brain-derived neurotrophic factor epigenetics: From depression to memory extinction","volume":"1484","author":"Poon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2018.1425478","article-title":"Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (pBDNF) and executive dysfunctions in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"20","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(02)00005-7","article-title":"Decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in major depressed patients","volume":"109","author":"Karege","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145709991234","article-title":"Exercise-induced normalization of decreased BDNF serum concentration in elderly women with remitted major depression","volume":"13","author":"Laske","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3109\/15622970903544620","article-title":"Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor level is reduced in antidepressant-free patients with late-life depression","volume":"11","author":"Diniz","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2010.545187","article-title":"Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor: Determinants and relationship with depressive symptoms in a community population of middle-aged and elderly people","volume":"13","author":"Bus","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2008.07.014","article-title":"BDNF is a novel marker of cognitive function in ageing women: The DR\u2019s EXTRA Study","volume":"90","author":"Komulainen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn Mem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaf9794","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf9794","article-title":"Kynurenines: Tryptophan\u2019s metabolites in exercise, inflammation, and mental health","volume":"357","author":"Cervenka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0119-1","article-title":"Role of immune-inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways in the etiology of depression: Therapeutic implications","volume":"28","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"898393","article-title":"Markers of oxidative stress and neuroprogression in depression disorder","volume":"2015","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00515","article-title":"The Role of BDNF in the neuroimmune axis regulation of mood disorders","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.105","article-title":"Serum BDNF concentrations as peripheral manifestations of depression: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analyses on 179 associations (N = 9484)","volume":"19","author":"Molendijk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153621","article-title":"Depression in older adults","volume":"5","author":"Fiske","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410397054","article-title":"The aging hippocampus: Interactions between exercise, depression, and BDNF","volume":"18","author":"Erickson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2017.0269","article-title":"Effects of Physical Exercise on adiponectin, leptin, and inflammatory markers in childhood obesity: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Sirico","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Obes."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2018.11.001","article-title":"Exercise and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Maiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516003160","article-title":"Effects of aerobic exercise performed in fasted v. fed state on fat and carbohydrate metabolism in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Vieira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0864-x","article-title":"The Effects of Postprandial Exercise on Glucose Control in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review","volume":"48","author":"Borror","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.50643","article-title":"BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, the allele-specific analysis by qRT-PCR-a novel protocol","volume":"17","author":"Hoffman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.29359\/BJHPA.12.4.01","article-title":"Exercise\u2212A unique endogenous regulator of irisin, BDNF, leptin and cortisol against depression","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Baltic J. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7260130","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7260130","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and physical activity: Making the neuroplastic connection","volume":"2017","author":"Phillips","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-160040","article-title":"The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: A review","volume":"2","author":"Basso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Plast."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180616aa2","article-title":"Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association","volume":"39","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06330-z","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of physical exercise on depression in the elderly: A systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Cassilhas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Liegro, C.M., Schiera, G., Proia, P., and Di Liegro, I. (2019). Physical Activity and Brain Health. Genes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10090720"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-016-0203-9","article-title":"Opposing presynaptic roles of BDNF and ProBDNF in the regulation of persistent activity in the entorhinal cortex","volume":"9","author":"Gibon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15924","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207767109","article-title":"Role of pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) to mature BDNF conversion in activity-dependent competition at developing neuromuscular synapses","volume":"109","author":"Je","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-017-0510-4","article-title":"BDNF: A Key Factor with Multipotent Impact on Brain Signaling and Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"38","author":"Lietzau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00042.2004","article-title":"Neurotrophin-mediated rapid signaling in the central nervous system: Mechanisms and functions","volume":"20","author":"Blum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00052","article-title":"Exercise-mediated neurogenesis in the hippocampus via BDNF","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1364-1","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is produced by skeletal muscle cells in response to contraction and enhances fat oxidation via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase","volume":"52","author":"Matthews","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2009.048512","article-title":"Evidence for a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise","volume":"94","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45106-5_9","article-title":"BDNF and synaptic plasticity, cognitive function, and dysfunction","volume":"220","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, P., Duderstadt, Y., Lessmann, V., and M\u00fcller, N.G. (2020). Lactate and BDNF: Key mediators of exercise induced neuroplasticity?. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041136"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9872","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.720029","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in megakaryocytes","volume":"291","author":"Colzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575607","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.575607","article-title":"Platelets selectively regulate the release of BDNF, but not that of its precursor protein, proBDNF","volume":"11","author":"Fleury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.002","article-title":"The impact of age, weight and gender on BDNF levels in human platelets and plasma","volume":"26","author":"Lommatzsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del479","article-title":"Influence of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"22","author":"Begliuomini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2003.01260.x","article-title":"Increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in white blood cells of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"57","author":"Gielen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45976-5","article-title":"Associations between serum and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and influence of storage time and centrifugation strategy","volume":"9","author":"Gejl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.10.073","article-title":"Sex and stress hormone influences on the expression and activity of brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"239","author":"Carbone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23863","article-title":"Sex differences in brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling and functions","volume":"95","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00363","article-title":"Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Key Molecule for Memory in the Healthy and the Pathological Brain","volume":"13","author":"Miranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20493","article-title":"Voluntary exercise alters the cytoarchitecture of the adult dentate gyrus by increasing cellular proliferation, dendritic complexity, and spine density","volume":"486","author":"Eadie","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00135","article-title":"Mechanisms that modulate and diversify BDNF functions: Implications for hippocampal synaptic plasticity","volume":"13","author":"Paratcha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1","article-title":"A simple role for BDNF in learning and memory?","volume":"3","author":"Cunha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301571","article-title":"Interaction between BDNF and serotonin: Role in mood disorders","volume":"33","author":"Martinowich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2010.184","article-title":"The role of BDNF in depression on the basis of its location in the neural circuitry","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e590","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.82","article-title":"The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism moderates the relationship between cognitive reserve and executive function","volume":"5","author":"Ward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00035-7","article-title":"The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function","volume":"112","author":"Egan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626906","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.626906","article-title":"Blood brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and major depression: Do we have a translational perspective?","volume":"15","author":"Arosio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12050","article-title":"Physical exercise intervention in depressive disorders: Meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Josefsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.03.029","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and depressive symptoms in elderly women--a randomized clinical trial","volume":"94","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.09.017","article-title":"Intense exercise increases circulating endocannabinoid and BDNF levels in humans--possible implications for reward and depression","volume":"37","author":"Heyman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1611929","article-title":"Short-time high-intensity exercise increases peripheral BDNF in a physical fitness-dependent way in healthy men","volume":"20","author":"Antunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1650120","article-title":"Short-term high-Intensity interval training increases systemic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy women","volume":"20","author":"Plaisance","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8937","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88496-x","article-title":"The effects of interval training on peripheral brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Plaisance","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88069-y","article-title":"Effect of four different forms of high intensity training on BDNF response to Wingate and Graded Exercise Test","volume":"11","author":"Clemente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0174-x","article-title":"Physical activity and muscle-brain crosstalk","volume":"15","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"429","article-title":"Exercise as a treatment modality for depression: A narrative review","volume":"54","author":"Shaikh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alex. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01148-z","article-title":"The impact of different types of exercise training on peripheral blood brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations in older adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Marinus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.574","article-title":"Physical exercise increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor in elderly population with depression","volume":"7","author":"Kurdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00037","article-title":"Exercise leads to better clinical outcomes in those receiving medication plus cognitive behavioral therapy for major depressive disorder","volume":"9","author":"Gourgouvelis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-017-9987-5","article-title":"Multimodal physical activity increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and improves cognition in institutionalized older women","volume":"39","author":"Vedovelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00698","article-title":"Endocrine crosstalk between skeletal muscle and the brain","volume":"9","author":"Delezie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10777","article-title":"A PGC1-\u03b1-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis","volume":"481","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273185","article-title":"Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: Physiological basis for exogenous supplementation","volume":"595","author":"Evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15092","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.15092","article-title":"Exercise promotes the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the action of the ketone body \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"5","author":"Sleiman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00430","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: A bridge between inflammation and neuroplasticity","volume":"8","author":"Calabrese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.12.015","article-title":"Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at rest and after acute aerobic exercise in major depressive disorder","volume":"102","author":"Kallies","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.09.022","article-title":"Relationships between serum BDNF and the antidepressant effect of acute exercise in depressed women","volume":"74","author":"Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.02.003","article-title":"Assessing BDNF as a mediator of the effects of exercise on depression","volume":"123","author":"Szuhany","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dropp, R., Miklja, Z., Jurries, E., and Mooney, A. (2020). Exercise in adolescent depression: Fitness, clinical outcomes, and BDNF. J. Neurol. Neurobiol., 6.","DOI":"10.16966\/2379-7150.167"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-014-0489-5","article-title":"The effects of exercise on oxidative stress (TBARS) and BDNF in severely depressed inpatients","volume":"264","author":"Schuch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12706","article-title":"Physical exercise remodels visceral adipose tissue and mitochondrial lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet","volume":"44","author":"Becerril","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2019.02.003","article-title":"Are the neuroprotective effects of exercise training systemically mediated?","volume":"62","author":"Tari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101044","article-title":"Towards an understanding of the physical activity-BDNF-cognition triumvirate: A review of associations and dosage","volume":"60","author":"Walsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"1234","article-title":"Influence of physical exercise on health and positive emotions of college students","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. De Cl\u00ednica Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa016","article-title":"Muscle-organ crosstalk: The emerging roles of myokines","volume":"41","author":"Severinsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5368","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6251-09.2010","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with age-related decline in hippocampal volume","volume":"30","author":"Erickson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.09.008","article-title":"Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1\u03b1\/FNDC5 pathway","volume":"18","author":"Wrann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.06.020","article-title":"White to brown fat phenotypic switch induced by genetic and environmental activation of a hypothalamic-adipocyte axis","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.09.023","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on myokines expression and brown adipose-like phenotype modulation in rats fed a high-fat diet","volume":"165","author":"Gouveia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"79","article-title":"NGF and BDNF: From nerves to adipose tissue, from neurokines to metabokines","volume":"44","author":"Chaldakov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Riv. Psichiatry"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/npjamd.2015.9","article-title":"Role of the central nervous system and adipose tissue BDNF\/TrkB axes in metabolic regulation","volume":"1","author":"Nakagomi","year":"2015","journal-title":"NPJ Aging Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.10.003","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"60","author":"Szuhany","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"2","article-title":"The role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in neurodegenerative processes and in the neuroregeneration mechanisms induced by increased physical activity","volume":"65","author":"Piotrowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Postepy Biochem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32835946ca","article-title":"Kinetics of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor following low-intensity versus high-intensity exercise in men and women","volume":"23","author":"Otterbein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00839","article-title":"The impact of high-intensity interval training on brain derived neurotrophic factor in brain: A mini-review","volume":"12","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.06.012","article-title":"Physical exercise as an epigenetic modulator of brain plasticity and cognition","volume":"80","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00315-3","article-title":"Physical activity elicits sustained activation of the cyclic AMP response element-binding protein and mitogen-activated protein kinase in the rat hippocampus","volume":"107","author":"Shen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00051","article-title":"The beneficial effects of physical activity on impaired adult neurogenesis and cognitive performance","volume":"5","author":"Lafenetre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12522","article-title":"A brief primer on the mediational role of BDNF in the exercise-memory link","volume":"39","author":"Loprinzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v1.i5.133","article-title":"Functional interactions between steroid hormones and neurotrophin BDNF","volume":"1","author":"Numakawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80395-5","article-title":"CREB: A major mediator of neuronal neurotrophin responses","volume":"19","author":"Finkbeiner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-150019","article-title":"FNDC5\/irisin-their role in the nervous system and as a mediator for beneficial effects of exercise on the brain","volume":"1","author":"Wrann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Plast."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00052.2006","article-title":"PGC-1alpha: A key regulator of energy metabolism","volume":"30","author":"Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7671","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.617399","article-title":"SMAD3 negatively regulates serum irisin and skeletal muscle FNDC5 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 coactivator 1-\u03b1 (PGC-1\u03b1) during exercise","volume":"290","author":"Tiano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.025","article-title":"Running-induced systemic cathepsin B secretion is associated with memory function","volume":"24","author":"Moon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.206","article-title":"Lactate transport and signaling in the brain: Potential therapeutic targets and roles in body-brain interaction","volume":"35","author":"Bergersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-106104","article-title":"Lactate fuels the human brain during exercise","volume":"22","author":"Quistorff","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01301","article-title":"Energy dynamics in the brain: Contributions of astrocytes to metabolism and pH homeostasis","volume":"13","author":"Deitmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0495-2","article-title":"Lactate from astrocytes fuels learning-induced mRNA translation in excitatory and inhibitory neurons","volume":"2","author":"Descalzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064916","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate: A signaling metabolite","volume":"37","author":"Newman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322912111","article-title":"Lactate promotes plasticity gene expression by potentiating NMDA signaling in neurons","volume":"111","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"2369","article-title":"Lactate mediates the effects of exercise on learning and memory through SIRT1-dependent activation of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)","volume":"39","author":"Khalifeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"104","article-title":"The benefits of exercise for the clinically depressed","volume":"6","author":"Craft","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"7","article-title":"Depression: The case for a monoamine deficiency","volume":"61","author":"Delgado","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2004.09.009","article-title":"Dopaminergic neurons","volume":"37","author":"Chinta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(83)90038-3","article-title":"The role of dopamine in locomotor activity and learning","volume":"287","author":"Beninger","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"405","article-title":"Dopamine: Not just a neurotransmitter","volume":"59","author":"Drozak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"S","article-title":"Do we still believe in the dopamine hypothesis? New data bring new evidence","volume":"7","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00099-X","article-title":"Implication of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the release of dopamine and dopamine-related behaviors induced by methamphetamine","volume":"119","author":"Narita","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.10.031","article-title":"Serotonin: A never-ending story","volume":"753","author":"Olivier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.191222","article-title":"Serotonin regulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in select brain regions during acute psychological stress","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/lds004","article-title":"The neurobiology of depression","volume":"101","author":"Palazidou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02704114","article-title":"Cyclic AMP response element binding protein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor: Molecules that modulate our mood?","volume":"31","author":"Nair","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2016.12.034","article-title":"Neuroprotective action of N-acetyl serotonin in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through the activation of both TrkB\/CREB\/BDNF pathway and Akt\/Nrf2\/antioxidant enzyme in neuronal cells","volume":"11","author":"Yoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8097062","article-title":"Regulation of CREB phosphorylation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus by light and a circadian clock","volume":"260","author":"Ginty","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135821","article-title":"The mammalian circadian timing system: Organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks","volume":"72","author":"Dibner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00255","article-title":"cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB): A possible signaling molecule link in the pathophysiology ofsSchizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pyw001","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyw001","article-title":"Stress-related immune markers in depression: Implications for treatment","volume":"19","author":"Hughes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.171","article-title":"Stress effects on neuronal Structure: Hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex","volume":"41","author":"McEwen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2006.09.003","article-title":"Estrogen-BDNF interactions: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"27","author":"Sohrabji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01545","article-title":"A General introduction to glucocorticoid biology","volume":"10","author":"Timmermans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-117-6-2505","article-title":"Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: Microdistribution and differential occupation","volume":"117","author":"Reul","year":"1985","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.5114\/hm.2019.78539","article-title":"How does sport affect mental health? An investigation into the relationship of leisure-time physical activity with depression and anxiety","volume":"20","author":"Siefken","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mov."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S177973","article-title":"Neuroprogression: The hidden mechanism of depression","volume":"14","author":"Ruiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2016","article-title":"Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa","volume":"98","author":"Dantzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0337481100","article-title":"Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression","volume":"100","author":"MacQueen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2004.07.002","article-title":"A single brain-derived neurotrophic factor injection modifies hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity in adult male rats","volume":"27","author":"Givalois","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.12.028","article-title":"Continuous i.c.v. infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor modifies hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, locomotor activity and body temperature rhythms in adult male rats","volume":"139","author":"Naert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1159\/000345567","article-title":"The effect of testosterone on the formation of brain structures","volume":"197","author":"Celec","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-12-00296","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate: Anabolic, neuroprotective, and neuroexcitatory properties in military men","volume":"178","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932757","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/932757","article-title":"Rodent models of depression: Neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory biomarkers","volume":"2014","author":"Stepanichev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.06.018","article-title":"Chronic stress and brain plasticity: Mechanisms underlying adaptive and maladaptive changes and implications for stress-related CNS disorders","volume":"58","author":"Radley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145709009924","article-title":"A potential role for pro-inflammatory cytokines in regulating synaptic plasticity in major depressive disorder","volume":"12","author":"Khairova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.11.029","article-title":"Inflammation and its discontents: The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression","volume":"65","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00935-5","article-title":"Neuronal plasticity and survival in mood disorders","volume":"48","author":"Duman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.09.057","article-title":"Remodeling of axo-spinous synapses in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression","volume":"251","author":"Licznerski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30015-9","article-title":"How do antidepressants work? New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches","volume":"4","author":"Harmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002006","article-title":"Serum Endocannabinoid and Mood Changes after Exercise in Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"51","author":"Meyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063545","article-title":"Endocannabinoid signaling in the brain","volume":"296","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.011718","article-title":"Endocannabinoids and exercise","volume":"38","author":"Dietrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200312020-00015","article-title":"Exercise activates the endocannabinoid system","volume":"14","author":"Sparling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.063677","article-title":"Wired to run: Exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with implications for the \u2018runner\u2019s high\u2019","volume":"215","author":"Raichlen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2495-5","article-title":"Exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling is modulated by intensity","volume":"113","author":"Raichlen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5585","article-title":"Endocannabinoid system: Role in depression, reward and pain control","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/42015","article-title":"A second endogenous cannabinoid that modulates long-term potentiation","volume":"388","author":"Stella","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858414524632","article-title":"Endocannabinoids in synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22075","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.22075","article-title":"Endogenous cannabinoids mediate the effect of BDNF at CA1 inhibitory synapses in the hippocampus","volume":"73","author":"Selvam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, T.A., Nguyen, J.C., Polglaze, K.E., and Bertrand, P.P. (2016). Influence of Tryptophan and Serotonin on Mood and Cognition with a Possible Role of the Gut-Brain Axis. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8010056"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001600","article-title":"IDO and interferon-\u03b1-induced depressive symptoms: A shift in hypothesis from tryptophan depletion to neurotoxicity","volume":"10","author":"Wichers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.964","article-title":"Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression","volume":"23","author":"Germain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2001.0200","article-title":"Neurobiological bases for the relation between sleep and depression","volume":"6","author":"Adrien","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"121","article-title":"Efficacy of Phototherapy in Reducing the Symptoms of Depression in Patients Rehabilitated due to the Dysfunction of Locomotor System","volume":"5","author":"Trafalska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Piel\u0119gniarstwo Zdr. Publiczne Nurs. Public Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/14\/7553\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:31:09Z","timestamp":1760164269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/14\/7553"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"references-count":174,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18147553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18147553","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]}}}