{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:48:58Z","timestamp":1774878538854,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke is a high-risk factor for depression. Neurological rehabilitation is greatly difficult and often does not include treatment of depression. The post-stroke depression plays an important role in the progress of treatment, health, and the life of the patient. The appropriate treatment of depression could improve the quality of life of the patient and their family. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of physical activity and socio-economic status of the patient on the effectiveness of recovery from depression and the severity of the symptoms of depression. The study was conducted with 40 patients after stroke aged 42\u201382 years, and included 10 women and 30 men who were hospitalized for two weeks. The severity of depression\/anxiety (D\/A) symptoms were evaluated two times; at admission and after two weeks of physical therapy. The hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) questionnaire was used for this purpose. Socio-economic status was evaluated by several simple questions. It was revealed that physical therapy has a positive influence on mental state. The severity of D\/A symptoms after stroke is related to the financial status of the patients (\u03c72 = 11.198, p = 0.024). The state of health (\u03c72 = 20.57, p = 0.022) and physical fitness (\u03c72 = 12.95, p = 0.044) changed the severity of symptoms of anxiety and depressive disorders. The kinesiotherapy in the group of patients with post-stroke depression had positive effects; however, economic and health conditions may influence the prognosis of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T10:47:46Z","timestamp":1627555666000},"page":"8058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Influence of Physical Activity and Socio-Economic Status on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Patients after Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4296-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Paprocka-Borowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy Faculty, Medical University in Wroclaw, 50-355 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2594-3852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Wiatr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy Faculty, Medical University in Wroclaw, 50-355 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Cia\u0142owicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Faculty, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Borowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Diseases Department, Medical University in Wroclaw, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6503-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Biochemistry Department, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9850-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adilson","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8512-7278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Murawska-Cia\u0142owicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Biochemistry Department, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1258\/0007142001903120","article-title":"The impact of stroke","volume":"56","author":"Wolfe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2015.07.013","article-title":"Epidemiology of stroke and transient ischemic attacks: Current knowledge and perspectives","volume":"172","author":"Daubail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. (Paris)"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12357","article-title":"Part I: Frequency of Depression after Stroke: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"9","author":"Hackett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"25","article-title":"Multiaspect character of depression after stroke","volume":"7","author":"Spetruk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Udar M\u00f3zgu"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2009.18.6.40769","article-title":"Depression and stroke: A common but often unrecognized combination","volume":"18","author":"Pfeil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01424-5","article-title":"Post stroke depression: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and biological treatment","volume":"52","author":"Whyte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiat."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000113","article-title":"Post -stroke depression: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"48","author":"Towfighi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61953-4","article-title":"Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990\u20132010","volume":"383","author":"Feign","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"160","article-title":"Post-stroke depression: Review of selected problems and risk factors","volume":"3","author":"Wichowicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3109\/00048679309075801","article-title":"Depression, introversion and mortality following stroke","volume":"27","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"505","article-title":"Screening post-stroke depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale","volume":"45","author":"Wichowicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Pol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-020-00199-8","article-title":"Post-stroke depression: Frequency, risk factors, and impact on quality of life among 103 stroke patients\u2014Hospital-based study","volume":"56","author":"Khedr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt J. Neurol. Psychiatry Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105241","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors predicting depression differ in the acute stage and at 1 year after ischemic stroke or TIA","volume":"29","author":"Mirolovics","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"a1058","article-title":"Post-stroke depression: Prevalence, associated factors and impact on quality of life among outpatients in a Nigerian hospital","volume":"24","author":"Oni","year":"2018","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"906","article-title":"Post stroke depression frequently overlooked, undiagnosed, untreated","volume":"7","author":"Dar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry (London)"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15030363","article-title":"Post-stroke depression: A review","volume":"173","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0092-x","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders","volume":"116","author":"Strohle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neutral. Transm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200029030-00003","article-title":"Physical activity and mental health: Current concepts","volume":"29","author":"Paluska","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215514523631","article-title":"Exercise for depressive symptoms in stroke patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Eng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S2017","article-title":"Epidemiology and treatment of post-stroke depression","volume":"4","author":"Paolucci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, July 29). Regional Office for Europe & European Stroke Council. Pan European Consensus Meeting on Stroke Management: Report, Helsingborg, Sweden, 8\u201310 November 1995. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/107573."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15280\/jlm.2020.10.1.1","article-title":"Relation of physical activity with the depression: A short review","volume":"10","author":"Shaphe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"104","article-title":"The benefits of exercise for the clinically depressed","volume":"6","author":"Craft","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"110","article-title":"Depression and exercise","volume":"31","author":"Dunn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"389","article-title":"The level of anxiety and depression in patients undergoing rehabilitation treatment in a sanatorium","volume":"5","author":"Kocjan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Edu. Health Sport."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.10.757","article-title":"Prediction of post-stroke depression with spect-derived cerebral blood flow asymmetry index","volume":"405","author":"Wichowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurologic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"49","article-title":"Depression and dementia -a c\/inical problem","volume":"5","author":"Parnowski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Post. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.03.007","article-title":"Screening for anxiety and depression after stroke: Comparison of the hospital anxiety and depression scale and the Montgomery and Asberg depression rating scale","volume":"67","author":"Sagen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"449","article-title":"Differences in acute ischemic stroke care in Poland: Analysis of claims database of National Health Fund in 2017","volume":"54","author":"Maluchnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pol. J. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"150","article-title":"Risk factors for death by acute ischemic stroke in patients from West-Pomerania, Poland","volume":"54","author":"Nowacki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pol. J. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0b013e31828df26f","article-title":"Depression in older adults","volume":"37","author":"Vieira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Physic. Therap."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.5114\/hm.2019.78539","article-title":"How does sport affect mental health? An investigation into the relationship of leisure-time physical activity with depression and anxiety","volume":"20","author":"Siefken","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mov."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"71","article-title":"The influence of physical exercise on emotional states in older women","volume":"17","author":"Guszkowska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"37","article-title":"The impact of systematic physical exercise on the well-being and mood disorders of elderly people with slight cognitive deficits","volume":"12","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fizjoterapia"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"611","article-title":"Influence of physical exercise on the level of anxiety and depression as well as mood states","volume":"37","author":"Guszkowska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psycho. Pol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"81","article-title":"The Emotional and Spiritual State Influencing the Assessment of the Perception of the State of Life of People after a Stroke","volume":"4","author":"Martowicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Think"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3ez-Espuela, F., Roncero-Mart\u00edn, R., Canal-Mac\u00edas, M.L., Moran, J.M., Vera, V., Gomez-Luque, A., Lendinez-Mesa, A., Pedrera-Zamorano, J.D., Casado-Naranjo, I., and Lavado-Garc\u00eda, J. (2020). Depressed mood after stroke: Predictive factors at six months follow-up. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249542"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_8_19","article-title":"Predictors of long-term mortality after first-ever stroke","volume":"9","author":"Novbakht","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000248","article-title":"Long-term survival after ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"82","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1053\/mr.2000.3863","article-title":"Self-care self-efficacy, quality of life, and depression after stroke","volume":"81","author":"Johnston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/15\/8058\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:36:58Z","timestamp":1760164618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/15\/8058"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18158058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18158058","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]}}}