{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:22:00Z","timestamp":1768342920855,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Odiel River (SW Spain) is one of the most cited rivers in the scientific literature due to its high pollution degree, generated by more than 80 sulphide mines\u2019 (mostly unrestored) contamination in the Iberian Pyritic Belt (IPB), that have been exploited for more than 5000 years. Along the river and its tributaries, the physico-chemical parameters and diatoms, from 15 sampling points, were analyzed in the laboratory. Physico-chemical parameters, water chemical analysis, together with richness and Shannon\u2013Wiener indexes were integrated in a matrix. An initial graphical treatment allowed the definition and proposal of a functioning system model, as well as the establishment of cause\u2013effect relationships between pollution and its effects on biota. Then, the proposed model was statistically validated by factor analysis. For acidic pH waters, high values of Eh, TDS, sulphate, \u2211REE and \u2211Ficklin were found, while diatomologic indicators took low values. Thus, factor analysis was a very effective tool for graphical treatment validation as well as for pollution\u2013biota interaction models\u2019 formulation, governed by two factors: AMD processes and water balance suffered by the studied river. As a novelty, the cause\u2013effect relationships between high barium concentration and low diversity and richness were demonstrated in the IPB, for the first time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T22:40:31Z","timestamp":1628635231000},"page":"8454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Odiel River (SW Spain), a Singular Scenario Affected by Acid Mine Drainage (AMD): Graphical and Statistical Models to Assess Diatoms and Water Hydrogeochemistry Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Grande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water, Mining and Environment, Scientific and Technological Center of Huelva, University of Huelva, 21004 Huelva, Spain"},{"name":"Sustainable Mining Engineering Research Group, Department of Mining, Mechanic, Energetic and Construction Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineering, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8650-4514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Teresa","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water, Mining and Environment, Scientific and Technological Center of Huelva, University of Huelva, 21004 Huelva, Spain"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Unit\u2014Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"C\u00f3rdoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Leiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8209-0422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"D\u00e1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water, Mining and Environment, Scientific and Technological Center of Huelva, University of Huelva, 21004 Huelva, Spain"},{"name":"Sustainable Mining Engineering Research Group, Department of Mining, Mechanic, Energetic and Construction Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineering, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7857-5299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Fortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water, Mining and Environment, Scientific and Technological Center of Huelva, University of Huelva, 21004 Huelva, Spain"},{"name":"Sustainable Mining Engineering Research Group, Department of Mining, Mechanic, Energetic and Construction Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineering, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Santisteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water, Mining and Environment, Scientific and Technological Center of Huelva, University of Huelva, 21004 Huelva, Spain"},{"name":"Sustainable Mining Engineering Research Group, Department of Mining, Mechanic, Energetic and Construction Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineering, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3019-8471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ferreira da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Unit\u2014Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Aguasanta Miguel","family":"Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water, Mining and Environment, Scientific and Technological Center of Huelva, University of Huelva, 21004 Huelva, Spain"},{"name":"Sustainable Mining Engineering Research Group, Department of Mining, Mechanic, Energetic and Construction Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineering, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Grande, J.A. 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