{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T15:31:45Z","timestamp":1775748705023,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic represents a traumatic event that has profoundly changed working conditions with detrimental consequences for workers\u2019 health, in particular for the healthcare population directly involved in addressing the emergency. Nevertheless, previous research has demonstrated that traumatic experiences can also lead to positive reactions, stimulating resilience and feelings of growth. The aim of this narrative review is to investigate the positive aspects associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the possible health prevention and promotion strategies by analyzing the available scientific evidence. In particular, we focus on the constructs of resilience, coping strategies and posttraumatic growth (PTG). A literature search was performed on the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Psycinfo databases. Forty-six articles were included in the literature synthesis. Psychological resilience is a fundamental variable for reducing and preventing the negative psychological effects of the pandemic and is associated with lower levels of depression, anxiety and burnout. At the individual and organizational level, resilience plays a crucial role in enhancing wellbeing in healthcare and non-healthcare workers. Connected to resilience, adaptive coping strategies are essential for managing the emergency and work-related stress. Several positive factors influencing resilience have been highlighted in the development of PTG. At the same time, high levels of resilience and positive coping strategies can enhance personal growth. Considering the possible long-term coexistence and consequences of COVID-19, organizational interventions should aim to improve workers\u2019 adaptive coping skills, resilience and PTG in order to promote wellbeing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T02:41:07Z","timestamp":1631068867000},"page":"9453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":226,"title":["Resilience, Coping Strategies and Posttraumatic Growth in the Workplace Following COVID-19: A Narrative Review on the Positive Aspects of Trauma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Georgia Libera","family":"Finstad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Business @ Health Laboratory, European University of Rome, 00163 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, 00163 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4342-966X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucrezia Ginevra","family":"Lulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Occupational Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Pandolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business @ Health Laboratory, European University of Rome, 00163 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1496-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Foti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business @ Health Laboratory, European University of Rome, 00163 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3928-9799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Le\u00f3n-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0508-1984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Cantero-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0579-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Mucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, March 11). WHO Director-General\u2019s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19. 11 March 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00424-4","article-title":"Future Scenarios for the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"397","author":"Skegg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15180","article-title":"Resilience Strategies to Manage Psychological Distress among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review","volume":"75","author":"Heath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batra, K., Singh, T.P., Sharma, M., Batra, R., and Schvaneveldt, N. (2020). Investigating the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers: A Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17239096"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-4199","article-title":"Addressing Postpandemic Clinician Mental Health: A Narrative Review and Conceptual Framework","volume":"173","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.05.021","article-title":"The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers in a MERS-CoV Endemic Country","volume":"13","author":"Temsah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.060584","article-title":"Long-Term Psychological and Occupational Effects of Providing Hospital Healthcare during SARS Outbreak","volume":"12","author":"Maunder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giorgi, G., Lecca, L.I., Alessio, F., Finstad, G.L., Bondanini, G., Lulli, L.G., Arcangeli, G., and Mucci, N. (2020). COVID-19-Related Mental Health Effects in the Workplace: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217857"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.026","article-title":"Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"88","author":"Pappa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000592","article-title":"Traumatic Stress in the Age of COVID-19: A Call to Close Critical Gaps and Adapt to New Realities","volume":"12","author":"Horesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2017-000876","article-title":"Psychological Resilience and Post-Traumatic Growth in Disaster-Exposed Organisations: Overview of the Literature","volume":"166","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Mil. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.1.20","article-title":"Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience: Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events?","volume":"59","author":"Bonanno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490090305","article-title":"The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the Positive Legacy of Trauma","volume":"9","author":"Tedeschi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Traum. Stress"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli1501_01","article-title":"TARGET ARTICLE: \u201cPosttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence\u201d","volume":"15","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044932","article-title":"Posttraumatic Growth at Work","volume":"7","author":"Maitlis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5964\/pch.v2i1.39","article-title":"Posttraumatic Growth in the Aftermath of Trauma: A Literature Review About Related Factors and Application Contexts","volume":"2","author":"Ramos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Commun. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541510","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.541510","article-title":"Factors Associated With Post-Traumatic Growth Among Healthcare Workers Who Experienced the Outbreak of MERS Virus in South Korea: A Mixed-Method Study","volume":"12","author":"Hyun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000665","article-title":"Addressing Psychological Resilience during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Rapid Review","volume":"34","author":"Blanc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20276","article-title":"Trauma Coping Strategies and Psychological Distress: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Littleton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Traum. Stress"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/apps.12191","article-title":"Resilience in the Workplace: A Multilevel Review and Synthesis","volume":"69","author":"Hartmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunzler, A.M., Helmreich, I., K\u00f6nig, J., Chmitorz, A., Wessa, M., Binder, H., and Lieb, K. (2020). Psychological Interventions to Foster Resilience in Healthcare Students. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013684"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233339362110054","DOI":"10.1177\/23333936211005475","article-title":"Developing the Resilience Framework for Nursing and Healthcare","volume":"8","author":"Morse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Qual. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2017.11.08.1","article-title":"The Benefits of Indirect Exposure to Trauma: The Relationships among Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth, Social Support, and Resilience in Ambulance Personnel in China","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.08.049","article-title":"Coping Strategies as Mediators in Relation to Resilience and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"225","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-011-1105-0","article-title":"Coping Processes Relevant to Posttraumatic Growth: An Evidence-Based Review","volume":"19","author":"Rajandram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01682.x","article-title":"Psychological Resilience After Disaster: New York City in the Aftermath of the September 11th Terrorist Attack","volume":"17","author":"Bonanno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa013404","article-title":"Psychological Sequelae of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in New York City","volume":"346","author":"Galea","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.1798","article-title":"An Affective-Cognitive Processing Model of Post-Traumatic Growth: An Affective-Cognitive Processing Model of Post-Traumatic Growth","volume":"19","author":"Joseph","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5502\/ijw.v5i2.8","article-title":"Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"5","author":"Stephens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Wellbeing"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106540","article-title":"Post-Traumatic Growth and Influencing Factors among Frontline Nurses Fighting against COVID-19","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowicki, G.J., \u015alusarska, B., Tucholska, K., Naylor, K., Chrzan-Rodak, A., and Niedorys, B. (2020). The Severity of Traumatic Stress Associated with COVID-19 Pandemic, Perception of Support, Sense of Security, and Sense of Meaning in Life among Nurses: Research Protocol and Preliminary Results from Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202008.0176.v1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, N., and Lee, H.-J. (2020). South Korean Nurses\u2019 Experiences with Patient Care at a COVID-19-Designated Hospital: Growth after the Frontline Battle against an Infectious Disease Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17239015"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalaitzaki, A., and Rovithis, M. (2021). Secondary Traumatic Stress and Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth in Healthcare Workers during the First COVID-19 Lockdown in Greece: The Role of Resilience and Coping Strategies. Psychiatriki.","DOI":"10.22365\/jpsych.2021.001"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalski, R.M., Carroll, H., and Britt, J. (2021). Finding the Silver Lining in the COVID-19 Crisis. J. Health Psychol., 135910532199908.","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105321999088"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.874","article-title":"The Relationship between Resilience and Intent to Stay among Chinese Nurses to Support Wuhan in Managing COVID-19: The Serial Mediation Effect of Post-traumatic Growth and Perceived Professional Benefits","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs. Open"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12796","article-title":"A Large-Scale Survey on Trauma, Burnout, and Posttraumatic Growth among Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno-Jim\u00e9nez, J.E., Blanco-Donoso, L.M., Demerouti, E., Belda Hofheinz, S., Chico-Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Moreno-Jim\u00e9nez, B., and Garrosa, E. (2021). The Role of Healthcare Professionals\u2019 Passion in Predicting Secondary Traumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Growth in the Face of COVID-19: A Longitudinal Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094453"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113366","article-title":"Psychological Effects of the COVID-2019 Pandemic: Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies among Healthcare Professionals","volume":"293","author":"Babore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hines, S.E., Chin, K.H., Glick, D.R., and Wickwire, E.M. (2021). Trends in Moral Injury, Distress, and Resilience Factors among Healthcare Workers at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020488"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serr\u00e3o, C., Duarte, I., Castro, L., and Teixeira, A. (2021). Burnout and Depression in Portuguese Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic\u2014The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020636"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zadok-Gurman, T., Jakobovich, R., Dvash, E., Zafrani, K., Rolnik, B., Ganz, A.B., and Lev-Ari, S. (2021). Effect of Inquiry-Based Stress Reduction (IBSR) Intervention on Well-Being, Resilience and Burnout of Teachers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073689"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14695","article-title":"Nurses\u00b4 Stressors and Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Coping and Resilience","volume":"77","author":"Lorente","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.06.214","article-title":"Exploring Stress Coping Strategies of Frontline Emergency Health Workers Dealing Covid-19 in Pakistan: A Qualitative Inquiry","volume":"49","author":"Munawar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2021.0019","article-title":"Resilience and Work-Related Stress May Affect Depressive Symptoms in Nursing Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic Era","volume":"18","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-203376","article-title":"Demographic Predictors of Resilience among Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"68","author":"Afshari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23085","article-title":"Anxiety, Pandemic-related Stress and Resilience among Physicians during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"37","author":"Mosheva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.007","article-title":"Psychological Distress, Coping Behaviors, and Preferences for Support among New York Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"66","author":"Shechter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Lei, W., Xu, F., Liu, H., and Yu, L. (2020). Emotional Responses and Coping Strategies in Nurses and Nursing Students during Covid-19 Outbreak: A Comparative Study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.05.20031898"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566912","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.566912","article-title":"Coping With COVID-19: Emergency Stress, Secondary Trauma and Self-Efficacy in Healthcare and Emergency Workers in Italy","volume":"11","author":"Vagni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahara, M., Mashizume, Y., and Takahashi, K. (2020). Coping Mechanisms: Exploring Strategies Utilized by Japanese Healthcare Workers to Reduce Stress and Improve Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010131"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prazeres, F., Passos, L., Sim\u00f5es, J.A., Sim\u00f5es, P., Martins, C., and Teixeira, A. (2020). COVID-19-Related Fear and Anxiety: Spiritual-Religious Coping in Healthcare Workers in Portugal. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010220"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozda\u011f, F., and Erg\u00fcn, N. (2020). Psychological Resilience of Healthcare Professionals During COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychol. Rep., 003329412096547.","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294120965477"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyu, Y., Yu, Y., Chen, S., Lu, S., and Ni, S. (2021). Positive Functioning at Work during COVID-19: Posttraumatic Growth, Resilience, and Emotional Exhaustion in Chinese Frontline Healthcare Workers. Appl. Psychol. Health Well-Being.","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12276"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2020.09.005","article-title":"How Resilient Is Your Team? Exploring Healthcare Providers\u2019 Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"221","author":"Huffman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojo, A.O., Fawehinmi, O., and Yusliza, M.Y. (2021). Examining the Predictors of Resilience and Work Engagement during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13052902"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2020.102352","article-title":"Language Teachers\u2019 Coping Strategies during the Covid-19 Conversion to Online Teaching: Correlations with Stress, Wellbeing and Negative Emotions","volume":"94","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2020","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vagni, M., Maiorano, T., Giostra, V., and Pajardi, D. (2020). Hardiness, Stress and Secondary Trauma in Italian Healthcare and Emergency Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12145592"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Mao, M., Wang, S., Yin, R., Yan, H., Jin, Y., and Cheng, Y. (2021). Posttraumatic Growth in Chinese Nurses and General Public during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Psychol. Health Med., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2021.1897148"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110784","article-title":"Worker Resilience during the COVID-19 Crisis: The Role of Core Beliefs Challenge, Emotion Regulation, and Family Strain","volume":"179","author":"Luu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fino, E., Bonfrate, I., Fino, V., Bocus, P., Russo, P.M., and Mazzetti, M. (2021). Harnessing Distress to Boost Growth in Frontline Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic: The Protective Role of Resilience, Emotion Regulation and Social Support. Psychol. Med., 1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721000519"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13146","article-title":"Factors Associated with the Psychological Well-being among Front-line Nurses Exposed to COVID-2019 in China: A Predictive Study","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12847","article-title":"Association between Resilience and Burnout of Front-line Nurses at the Peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Positive and Negative Affect as Mediators in Wuhan","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622132","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.622132","article-title":"Psychosocial Framework of Resilience: Navigating Needs and Adversities during the Pandemic, a Qualitative Exploration in the Indian Frontline Physicians","volume":"12","author":"Banerjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580702","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.580702","article-title":"Risk and Resilience Factors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Snapshot of the Experiences of Canadian Workers Early on in the Crisis","volume":"11","author":"Coulombe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215013272110084","DOI":"10.1177\/21501327211008448","article-title":"Stress, Resilience, and Coping of Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Croghan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prim. Care Community Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Giuseppe, M., Nepa, G., Prout, T.A., Albertini, F., Marcelli, S., Orr\u00f9, G., and Conversano, C. (2021). Stress, Burnout, and Resilience among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Emergency: The Role of Defense Mechanisms. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105258"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646435","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.646435","article-title":"From Resilience to Burnout in Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Emergency: The Role of the Ability to Tolerate Uncertainty","volume":"12","author":"Mariani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleuren, B.P.I., Poesen, L.T., Gifford, R.E., Zijlstra, F.R.H., Ruwaard, D., van de Baan, F.C., and Westra, D.D. (2021). We\u2019re Not Gonna Fall: Depressive Complaints, Personal Resilience, Team Social Climate, and Worries about Infections among Hospital Workers during a Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094701"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, T., Zhang, T., Cai, W., Song, X., Chen, A., Deng, G., and Ni, C. (2020). Social Support and Mental Health among Health Care Workers during Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak: A Moderated Mediation Model. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233831"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-23667","article-title":"Burnout and Resilience among Frontline Nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Emergency Department of a Tertiary Care Center, North India","volume":"24","author":"Jose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J., Ren, Y.-H., Gan, H.-J., Chen, Y., Huang, Y.-F., and You, X.-M. (2020). Factors Associated with Resilience among Non-Local Medical Workers Sent to Wuhan, China during the COVID-19 Outbreak. BMC Psychiatry, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02821-8"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maiorano, T., Vagni, M., Giostra, V., and Pajardi, D. (2020). COVID-19: Risk Factors and Protective Role of Resilience and Coping Strategies for Emergency Stress and Secondary Trauma in Medical Staff and Emergency Workers\u2014An Online-Based Inquiry. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12219004"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFadden, P., Ross, J., Moriarty, J., Mallett, J., Schroder, H., Ravalier, J., Manthorpe, J., Currie, D., Harron, J., and Gillen, P. (2021). The Role of Coping in the Wellbeing and Work-Related Quality of Life of UK Health and Social Care Workers during COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020815"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roca, J., Canet-V\u00e9lez, O., Cemeli, T., Laved\u00e1n, A., Masot, O., and Botigu\u00e9, T. (2021). Experiences, Emotional Responses, and Coping Skills of Nursing Students as Auxiliary Health Workers during the Peak COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study. Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs.","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12858"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, T., Guan, R., and Sun, L. (2021). Perceived Organizational Support and PTSD Symptoms of Frontline Healthcare Workers in the Outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan: The Mediating Effects of Self-efficacy and Coping Strategies. Appl. Psychol. Health Well-Being.","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12267"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490060209","article-title":"Changes in Outlook Following Disaster: The Preliminary Development of a Measure to Assess Positive and Negative Responses","volume":"6","author":"Joseph","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Traum. Stress"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20889","article-title":"A Systematic Review on the Impacts of Covid-19 on Work: Contributions and a Path Forward from the Perspectives of Ergonomics and Psychodynamics of Work","volume":"31","author":"Sigahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Factors Man."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Gomez, M., Giorgi, G., Finstad, G.L., Urbini, F., Foti, G., Mucci, N., Zaffina, S., and Le\u00f3n-Perez, J.M. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemic as a Traumatic Event and Its Associations with Fear and Mental Health: A Cognitive-Activation Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147422"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2021, July 16). World Health Organization COVID-19: Operational Planning Guidelines and COVID-19 Partners Platform to Support Country Preparedness and Response. Available online: https:\/\/openwho.org\/courses\/UNCT-COVID19-preparedness-and-response-EN."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3972","article-title":"Supporting the Health Care Workforce During the COVID-19 Global Epidemic","volume":"323","author":"Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.05.003","article-title":"Stress Resilience during the Coronavirus Pandemic","volume":"35","author":"Vinkers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldassarre, A., Giorgi, G., Alessio, F., Lulli, L., Arcangeli, G., and Mucci, N. (2020). Stigma and Discrimination (SAD) at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176341"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rangachari, P., and Woods, J.L. (2020). Preserving Organizational Resilience, Patient Safety, and Staff Retention during COVID-19 Requires a Holistic Consideration of the Psychological Safety of Healthcare Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124267"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreh, A., Brancaleoni, R., Magalini, S.C., Chieffo, D.P.R., Flad, B., Ellebrecht, N., and Juen, B. (2021). Ethical and Psychosocial Considerations for Hospital Personnel in the Covid-19 Crisis: Moral Injury and Resilience. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249609"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e043718","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043718","article-title":"How Can We Build and Maintain the Resilience of Our Health Care Professionals during COVID-19? Recommendations Based on a Scoping Review","volume":"11","author":"Rieckert","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, July 17). COVID-19: Occupational Health and Safety for Health Workers. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-HCW_advice-2021.1."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01166-z","article-title":"The Psychological Impact of Epidemic and Pandemic Outbreaks on Healthcare Workers: Rapid Review of the Evidence","volume":"22","author":"Preti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100144","article-title":"The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 and Other Viral Epidemics on Frontline Healthcare Workers and Ways to Address It: A Rapid Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"Cabarkapa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2008.01078.x","article-title":"Stressful but Rewarding: Norwegian Personnel Mobilised for the 2004 Tsunami Disaster","volume":"33","author":"Thoresen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2014.98","article-title":"Responding to a Radiological Crisis: Experiences of British Foreign Office Staff in Japan After the Fukushima Nuclear Meltdown","volume":"8","author":"Bakhshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Disaster Med. Public Health Prep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00194-0","article-title":"The Impact of the 9\u201321 Earthquake Experiences of Taiwanese Nurses as Rescuers","volume":"55","author":"Shih","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-7657.2009.00795.x","article-title":"Chinese Nurses\u2019 Experience in the Wenchuan Earthquake Relief: Nurses\u2019 Experience in the Wenchuan Earthquake","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Nurs. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3109\/00048678409158797","article-title":"The Experience of a Mental Health Team Involved in the Early Phase of a Disaster","volume":"18","author":"Berah","year":"1984","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732312467706","article-title":"Mental Health Risks in the Local Workforce Engaged in Disaster Relief and Reconstruction","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez, S.J., Prosser, E.C., Edwards, L.M., Magyar-Moe, J.L., Neufeld, J.E., and Rasmussen, H.N. (2002). Putting positive psychology in a multicultural context. Handbook of Positive Psychology, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195135336.003.0051"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/18\/9453\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:58:26Z","timestamp":1760165906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/18\/9453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18189453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18189453","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]}}}