{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:27:59Z","timestamp":1777372079116,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#119R029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#119R029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["118Y305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["118Y305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED481D 2019\/033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481D 2019\/033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005771","name":"Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2011.KB.FEN.046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2011.KB.FEN.046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbial C1 gas conversion technologies have developed into a potentially promising technology for converting waste gases (CO2, CO) into chemicals, fuels, and other materials. However, the mass transfer constraint of these poorly soluble substrates to microorganisms is an important challenge to maximize the efficiencies of the processes. These technologies have attracted significant scientific interest in recent years, and many reactor designs have been explored. Syngas fermentation and hydrogenotrophic methanation use molecular hydrogen as an electron donor. Furthermore, the sequestration of CO2 and the generation of valuable chemicals through the application of a biocathode in bioelectrochemical cells have been evaluated for their great potential to contribute to sustainability. Through a process termed microbial chain elongation, the product portfolio from C1 gas conversion may be expanded further by carefully driving microorganisms to perform acetogenesis, solventogenesis, and reverse \u03b2-oxidation. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the various kinds of bioreactors that are employed in these microbial C1 conversion processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T20:41:14Z","timestamp":1636317674000},"page":"11683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Reactor Designs and Configurations for Biological and Bioelectrochemical C1 Gas Conversion: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2095-1132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azize","family":"Ayol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35390, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3972-3447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9354-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tugba","family":"Keskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Protection Technologies, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir 35140, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6938-5242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haris Nalakath","family":"Abubackar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Laboratory, BIOENGIN Group, Faculty of Sciences and Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), University of A Coru\u00f1a, 15008 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.131325","article-title":"Valorization of C1 gases to value-added chemicals using acetogenic biocatalysts","volume":"428","author":"Bae","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. 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