{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T06:21:17Z","timestamp":1774074077724,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["733032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["733032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Workers involved in the processing of electronic waste (e-waste) are potentially exposed to toxic chemicals. If exposure occurs, this may result in uptake and potential adverse health effects. Thus, exposure surveillance is an important requirement for health risk management and prevention of occupational disease. Human biomonitoring by measurement of specific biomarkers in body fluids is considered as an effective method of exposure surveillance. The aim of this study is to investigate the internal exposure of workers processing e-waste using a human biomonitoring approach, which will stimulate improved work practices and contribute to raising awareness of potential hazards. This exploratory study in occupational exposures in e-waste processing is part of the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU). Here we present a study protocol using a cross sectional survey design to study worker\u2019s exposures and compare these to the exposure of subjects preferably employed in the same company but with no known exposure to industrial recycling of e-waste. The present study protocol will be applied in six to eight European countries to ensure standardised data collection. The target population size is 300 exposed and 150 controls. Biomarkers of exposure for the following chemicals will be used: chromium, cadmium and lead in blood and urine; brominated flame retardants and polychlorobiphenyls in blood; mercury, organophosphate flame retardants and phthalates in urine, and chromium, cadmium, lead and mercury in hair. In addition, the following effect biomarkers will be studied: micronuclei, epigenetic, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers and telomere length in blood and metabolomics in urine. Occupational hygiene sampling methods (airborne and settled dust, silicon wristbands and handwipes) and contextual information will be collected to facilitate the interpretation of the biomarker results and discuss exposure mitigating interventions to further reduce exposures if needed. This study protocol can be adapted to future European-wide occupational studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182412987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T21:46:58Z","timestamp":1639086418000},"page":"12987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["HBM4EU Occupational Biomonitoring Study on e-Waste\u2014Study Protocol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8546-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul T. J.","family":"Scheepers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9350-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu Corneliu","family":"Duca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9 (LNS), 1 rue Louis Rech, 3555 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9540-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen S.","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4764-8835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lode","family":"Godderis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9 (LNS), 1 rue Louis Rech, 3555 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisbeth E.","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Leese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health & Safety Executive, Buxton SK17 9JN, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriqueta","family":"Louro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSA, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, Av. Padre Cruz, 1600-609 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6405-1155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selma","family":"Mahiout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 b, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-2465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Ndaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRS, French National Research and Safety Institute, 54500 Vand\u0153uvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4397-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrien","family":"Poels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Simo P.","family":"Porras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 b, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6060-0716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSA, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, Av. Padre Cruz, 1600-609 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSA, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, Av. Padre Cruz, 1600-609 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4105-5126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelle","family":"Verdonck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600\u2013560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1600\u2013560 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiina","family":"Santonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 b, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"name":"HBM4EU e-Waste Study Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, January 02). 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