{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T11:53:32Z","timestamp":1775735612392,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01 HL91024-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL91024-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study examines the temperature variability in physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep in a free-living population. A representative sample of 1235 adults (ages 21\u201370) from Iowa, U.S.A., wore a SenseWear Mini Armband (SWA) for a randomly assigned day. Koppen\u2019s weather climate classification was used to precisely classify the temperature: cold (\u221213 to 32 \u00b0F), cool (32 to 50 \u00b0F), mild (50 to 64 \u00b0F), warm (64 to 73 \u00b0F), and hot (73 to 95 \u00b0F). The main effect of three-way ANOVA (age \u00d7 gender \u00d7 temperature) had differences for SB and sleep, with older adults having higher levels than younger adults (p &lt; 0.05). However, moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) did not vary systematically by age or gender, and contrary to expectations, the main effect of the weather was not significant for MVPA (p &gt; 0.05). Participants spent more time participating in PA at cold than at hot temperatures. The results clarify the impact of temperature on shaping PA and SB patterns in adults. The variable impacts and differential patterns by age suggest that weather should be considered when interpreting differences in PA patterns in research or surveillance applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:28:11Z","timestamp":1639358891000},"page":"13077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association with Temperature Variability and Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep in a Free-Living Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1323-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Hui","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University (Global Campus), 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17014, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"}]},{"given":"Youngwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7132-9725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Welk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-4008, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3100-4867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIAFEL (Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure), Faculty of Sports-University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8033-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University (Global Campus), 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17014, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"},{"name":"Sports Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University (Global Campus), 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17014, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-3-21","article-title":"Relationship between objective measures of physical activity and weather: A longitudinal study","volume":"3","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. 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