{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T14:06:33Z","timestamp":1767967593672,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/143241\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/143241\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction Industry 4.0 has enhanced technological development in all fields. Currently, one can analyse, treat, and model completely different variables in real time; these include production, environmental, and occupational variables. Resultingly, there has been a significant improvement in the quality of life of workers, the environment, and in businesses in general, encouraging the implementation of continuous improvement measures. However, it is not entirely clear how the mining industry is evolving alongside this industrial evolution. With this in mind, this systematic review aimed to find sensing technology applications within this sector, in order to assist the mining industry in its goal to evolve digitally. Methodology: The research and reporting of this article were carried out by means of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results and discussion: A total of 29 papers were included in the study, with sensors being applied in several fields, namely safety, management, and localisation. Three different implementation phases were identified regarding its execution: prototype, trial, and (already) implemented. The overall results highlighted that many mechanisms are in need of improvement in underground settings. This might be due to the fact that underground mining has particular safety challenges. Conclusions: Ventilation and mapping are primary issues to be solved in the underground setting. With regard to the surface setting, the focus is directed toward slope stability and ways of improving it regarding monitoring and prevention. The literature screening revealed a tendency in these systems to keep advancing in technologically, becoming increasingly more intelligent. In the near future, it is expected that a more technologically advanced mining industry will arise, and this will be created and sustained by the optimisation of processes, equipment, and work practices, in order to improve both the quality of life of people and the health of the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:18:05Z","timestamp":1645431485000},"page":"2334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Sensing Technology Applications in the Mining Industry\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5856-5317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA\/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9127-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISCO, Civil Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9254-4384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Castelo Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA\/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menolotto, M., Komaris, D., Tedesco, S., O\u2019Flynn, B., and Walsh, M. (2020). Motion Capture Technology in Industrial Applications: A Systematic Review. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195687"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"135","article-title":"Connected Quarry Machines Digital Systems","volume":"14","author":"Ostroukh","year":"2019","journal-title":"ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-1133-7","article-title":"A review of industrial wireless networks in the context of Industry 4.0","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000094","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202000094","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Construction of Flexible Sensors for Biomedical Applications","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Lu, Q., Xie, X., Parlikad, A.K., Schooling, J.M., and Konstantinou, E. (2020). Moving from Building Information Models to Digital Twins for Operation and Maintenance. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Smart Infrastruct. Constr., 1\u20139."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alwis, L.S.M., Bremer, K., and Roth, B. (2021). Fiber optic sensors embedded in textile-reinforced concrete for smart structural health monitoring: A review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21154948"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.10.019","article-title":"The use of low-cost sensors for air quality analysis in road intersections","volume":"77","author":"Brzozowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benocci, R., Roman, H.E., and Zambon, G. (2021). Optimized Sensors Network and Dynamical Maps for Monitoring Traffic Noise in a Large Urban Zone. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188363"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"367","article-title":"Monitoring of Varadhi Road Bridge Using Accelerometer Sensor","volume":"Volume 33","author":"Chilamkuri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials Today: Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo-Mingorance, J.M., Sol-S\u00e1nchez, M., Moreno-Navarro, F., and Rubio-G\u00e1mez, M.C. (2020). A Critical Review of Sensors for the Continuous Monitoring of Smart and Sustainable Railway Infrastructures. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12229428"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"13","article-title":"Digital Twin of the Mining Shaft and Hoisting System as an Opportunity to Improve the Management Processes of Shaft Infrastructure Diagnostics and Monitoring","volume":"Volume i","author":"Kalinowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Data Science, Data Visualization, and Digital Twins"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2020.05.010","article-title":"Monitoring and assessment of underground climatic conditions using sensors and GIS tools","volume":"30","author":"Jha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-016-1313-0","article-title":"Using wireless underground sensor networks for mine and miner safety","volume":"24","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Networks"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103128","article-title":"Sensor-based safety management","volume":"113","author":"Asadzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"3149","article-title":"Wireless Communication Systems for Underground Mines\u2013A Critical Appraisal","volume":"4","author":"Patri","year":"2013","journal-title":"IJETT"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.03.046","article-title":"Fibre optic sensors for coal mine hazard detection","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103687","article-title":"Measurement of cable forces for automated monitoring of engineering structures using fiber optic sensors: A review","volume":"126","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2016.2644109","article-title":"A WSN for Monitoring and Event Reporting in Underground Mine Environments","volume":"12","author":"Minhas","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10772","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3010979","article-title":"An Orientation Navigation Approach Based on INS and Odometer Integration for Underground Unmanned Excavating Machine","volume":"69","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2015.07.017","article-title":"Development of underground mine monitoring and communication system integrated ZigBee and GIS","volume":"25","author":"Moridi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2020.103472","article-title":"Deploying MAVs for autonomous navigation in dark underground mine environments","volume":"126","author":"Mansouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2019.106980","article-title":"Modeling and measurements for wireless communication networks in underground mine environments","volume":"149","author":"Ranjan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pishgar, M., Issa, S.F., Sietsema, M., Pratap, P., and Darabi, H. (2021). REDECA: A Novel Framework to Review Artificial Intelligence and Its Applications in Occupational Safety and Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136705"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D., and The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J.M., Akl, E.A., and Brennan, S.E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. PLOS Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003583"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wohlin, C. (2014, January 13\u201314). Claes Guidelines for Snowballing in Systematic Literature Studies and a Replication in Software Engineering. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering\u2014EASE \u201914, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/2601248.2601268"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.01.237","article-title":"Application of Internet of Things Technology on Predictive Maintenance System of Coal Equipment","volume":"174","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2019.103112","article-title":"Development and application of a goaf-safety monitoring system using multi-sensor information fusion","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Fu, Y., Deng, F., Wei, B., and Wu, X. (2018). Methane Gas Density Monitoring and Predicting Based on RFID Sensor Tag and CNN Algorithm. Electronics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7050069"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v14i03.7669","article-title":"An Automatic Online Disaster Monitoring Network: Network Architecture and a Case Study Monitoring Slope Stability","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Online Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., and Choi, Y. (2021). Bluetooth beacon-based mine production management application to support ore haulage operations in underground mines. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13042281"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.05.171","article-title":"Investigating Rock Mass Failure Precursors Using a Multi-sensor Monitoring System: Preliminary Results from a Test-Site (Acuto, Italy)","volume":"191","author":"Fantini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanciano, C., and Salvini, R. (2020). Monitoring of strain and temperature in an open pit using brillouin distributed optical fiber sensors. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.37247\/PASen.1.2020.22"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-017-1030-7","article-title":"Fracture mapping in challenging environment: A 3D virtual reality approach combining terrestrial LiDAR and high definition images","volume":"77","author":"Mastrorocco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo, B.W., and Khan, R.M.A. (2018). An Internet of Things System for Underground Mine Air Quality Pollutant Prediction Based on Azure Machine Learning. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18040930"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Baek, J., and Choi, Y. (2021). Smart helmet-based personnel proximity warning system for improving underground mine safety. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11104342"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, J., and Choi, Y. (2017). Measuring transport time of mine equipment in an underground mine using a bluetooth beacon system. Minerals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/min7010001"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/18\/10\/S23","article-title":"Application of a distributed fibre optic strain sensing system to monitoring changes in the state of an underground mine","volume":"18","author":"Naruse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/19479832.2016.1226966","article-title":"Multi sensor data fusion for 6D pose estimation and 3D underground mine mapping using autonomous mobile robot","volume":"8","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Data Fusion"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zi\u0119tek, B., Banasiewicz, A., Zimroz, R., Szrek, J., and Gola, S. (2020). A portable environmental data-monitoring system for air hazard evaluation in deep underground mines. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13236331"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.04.054","article-title":"Application of a sensor network of low cost optical particle counters for assessing the impact of quarry emissions on its vicinity","volume":"211","author":"Yuval","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110717","article-title":"Unmanned aerial system protocol for quarry restoration and mineral extraction monitoring","volume":"270","author":"Carabassa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boubanga-Tombet, S., Huot, A., Vitins, I., Heuberger, S., Veuve, C., Eisele, A., Hewson, R., Guyot, E., Marcotte, F., and Chamberland, M. (2018). Thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging for mineralogy mapping of a mine face. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101518"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, H., Choi, Y., Bui, X.-N., and Nguyen-Thoi, T. (2020). Predicting blast-induced ground vibration in open-pit mines using vibration sensors and support vector regression-based optimization algorithms. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010132"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/20182900023","article-title":"First experience with Remote Sensing methods and selected sensors in the monitoring of mining areas\u2014A case study of the Belchatow open cast mine","volume":"Volume 29","author":"Wajs","year":"2018","journal-title":"E3S Web of Conferences"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascimento, F.S., Gastauer, M., Souza-Filho, P.W.M., Nascimento, W.R., Santos, D.C., and Costa, M.F. (2020). Land cover changes in open-cast mining complexes based on high-resolution remote sensing data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040611"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.156","article-title":"Monitoring opencast mine restorations using Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) imagery","volume":"657","author":"Carabassa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"263","article-title":"3D spatial interpolation methods for open-pit mining air quality with data acquired by small UAV based monitoring system","volume":"1","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"In\u017cynieria Miner."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2020.05.265","article-title":"A cyber-physical system approach for enabling ventilation on-demand in an underground mining site","volume":"97","author":"Nikolakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2011.600350","article-title":"Mapping alteration minerals at prospect, outcrop and drill core scales using imaging spectrometry","volume":"33","author":"Kruse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2021.104252","article-title":"Multi-scale, multi-sensor data integration for automated 3-D geological mapping","volume":"136","author":"Thiele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirsch, M., Lorenz, S., Zimmermann, R., Tusa, L., M\u00f6ckel, R., H\u00f6dl, P., Booysen, R., Khodadadzadeh, M., and Gloaguen, R. (2018). Integration of Terrestrial and Drone-borne Hyperspectral and Photogrammetric Sensing Methods for Exploration Mapping and Mining Monitoring. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091366"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Underground coal mine monitoring with wireless sensor networks","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sens. Networks"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s40789-017-0180-3","article-title":"Infrastructure-based localisation of automated coal mining equipment","volume":"4","author":"Hargrave","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2021.106261","article-title":"Hyperspectral remote sensing for detecting geotechnical problems at Ray mine","volume":"292","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2017.12.015","article-title":"Development of wireless sensor networks for underground communication and monitoring systems (the cases of underground mine environments)","volume":"73","author":"Moridi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-017-3116-8","article-title":"Improvements in the integration of remote sensing and rock slope modelling","volume":"90","author":"Francioni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-018-0982-8","article-title":"Slope failure susceptibility zonation using integrated remote sensing and GIS techniques: A case study over Jhingurdah open pit coal mine, Singrauli coalfield, India","volume":"127","author":"Sengupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayab, M., Aerden, D., Paananen, M., and Saarela, P. (2018). Virtual structural analysis of Jokisivu open pit using \u201cstructure-from-motion\u201d Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) photogrammetry: Implications for structurally-controlled gold deposits in Southwest Finland. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081296"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aasen, H., Honkavaara, E., Lucieer, A., and Zarco-Tejada, P.J. (2018). Quantitative remote sensing at ultra-high resolution with UAV spectroscopy: A review of sensor technology, measurement procedures, and data correctionworkflows. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071091"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6880","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126880","article-title":"Using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for high-resolution reconstruction of topography: The structure from motion approach on coastal environments","volume":"5","author":"Mancini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.02.013","article-title":"Unmanned aerial systems for photogrammetry and remote sensing: A review","volume":"92","author":"Colomina","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2014.926650","article-title":"Recent applications of unmanned aerial imagery in natural resource management","volume":"51","author":"Shahbazi","year":"2014","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76809","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2989480","article-title":"A visual-inertial localization method for unmanned aerial vehicle in underground tunnel dynamic environments","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574719000754","article-title":"Autonomous Area Exploration and Mapping in Underground Mine Environments by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6652","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2976097","article-title":"UWB-Based Localization System Aided with Inertial Sensor for Underground Coal Mine Applications","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-018-5831-1","article-title":"Low Cost Low Power Smart Helmet for Real-Time Remote Underground Mine Environment Monitoring","volume":"102","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chehri, A., Fortier, P., and Tardif, P.-M. (2007, January 14\u201317). Security Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference on Communication Networks and Services Research (CNSR \u201907), Fredericton, NB, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CNSR.2007.58"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bado, M.F., and Casas, J.R. (2021). A review of recent distributed optical fiber sensors applications for civil engineering structural health monitoring. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051818"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-04974-9","article-title":"Assessment of relative impacts of various geo-mining factors on methane dispersion for safety in gassy underground coal mines: An artificial neural networks approach","volume":"33","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/28.903133","article-title":"Application of radio-frequency identification systems to collision avoidance in metal\/nonmetal mines","volume":"37","author":"Ruff","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek, J., and Choi, Y. (2018). Bluetooth-beacon-based underground proximity warning system for preventing collisions inside tunnels. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8112271"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"327","article-title":"Intelligent fleet management system for open pit mine","volume":"11","author":"Bnouachir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2017.10.011","article-title":"Building information modeling in combination with real time location systems and sensors for safety performance enhancement","volume":"102","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/12269328.2017.1370616","article-title":"Performance comparison of bluetooth beacon and reverse RFID systems as potential tools for measuring truck travel time in open-pit mines: A simulation experiment","volume":"21","author":"Baek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geosystem Eng."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2020.04.006","article-title":"A system for underground road condition monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2019.106169","article-title":"3D free fall rock size sensor","volume":"148","author":"Bilodeau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144324","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2945076","article-title":"A remote monitoring and diagnosis method based on four-layer IoT frame perception","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9292","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2970842","article-title":"Velocity-Free Localization of Autonomous Driverless Vehicles in Underground Intelligent Mines","volume":"69","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., and Choi, Y. (2020). Comparison of three location estimation methods of an autonomous driving robot for underground mines. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10144831"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/4\/2334\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:22:06Z","timestamp":1760134926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/4\/2334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19042334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19042334","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]}}}