{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:41:03Z","timestamp":1777502463249,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study examined the back plate position impact on the block phase movement pattern and total starting performance with a distinction for sex. Thirty-eight swimmers performed starts changing the back plate position (preferred position, one position forward and one position backward), with the data being assessed using a 3D dynamometric central and a video camera. In males, the 15 m start time was 0.1 s shorter for the preferred position compared with the backward position (p &lt; 0.05). Regardless of the back plate positioning, the swimmers spent a similar time on the block. A more forward position of the back plate postponed the rear foot take-off and consequently reduced the front foot stand duration. A back plate position effect was revealed for those variables with a larger effect size in males whereas in females, a change of about two positions was needed to reach a significance level. Probably due to the specification of physical domains, a greater impact on the changes introduced was noted for males. Therefore, whilst searching for the optimal starting position, adjustments to the back plate placement might affect a greater number of males than females. To reinforce the starting optimization during the training process and its monitoring, the effect of personal preference toward the starting block setting was also considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:46:17Z","timestamp":1645994777000},"page":"2722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Does the Back Plate Position Influence Swimming Start Temporal Characteristics?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3955-5794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Rudnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroc\u0142aw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics, Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3857-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Rejman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroc\u0142aw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5332-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics, Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics, Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics, Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"397","article-title":"Comparison of the Start, Turn and Finish Performance of Elite Swimmers in 100 m and 200 m Races","volume":"19","author":"Marinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Jesus, K., De Jesus, K., Fernandes, R.J., and Vilas-Boas, J.P. (2022). Back plate and wedge use and individual ventral and dorsal swimming start performance: A systematic review. Sports Biomech., 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2021.2016924"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"277","article-title":"A biomechanical comparison of the grab, swing and track starts in swimming","volume":"39","author":"Breed","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hum. Mov. Stud."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"99","article-title":"Design and construction of a 3D force plate prototype for developing an instrumented swimming start block","volume":"2","author":"Viriato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Eng. Informatics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140701683247","article-title":"Front-or rear-weighted track start or grab start: Which is the best for female swimmers?","volume":"7","author":"Welcher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1486460","article-title":"Key determinants of time to 5 m in different ventral swimming start techniques","volume":"18","author":"Silveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2015-0303","article-title":"Functional Role of the Front and Back Legs During a Track Start with Special Reference to an Inverted Pendulum Model in College Swimmers","volume":"32","author":"Ikeda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Nomura, T., Takeda, T., and Takagi, H. (2010, January 16\u201319). Influences of the back plate on competitive swimming starting motion in particular projection skill. Proceedings of the XIth International Symposium for Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, Midsummer, Oslo, Norway."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Ozeki, K., Suito, H., Sakurai, S., and Urata, T. (2017, January 14\u201318). Roles of the extremities during kick start in competitive swimming. Proceedings of the International Conference of Biomechanics in Sports, Cologne, Germany."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1180417","article-title":"Contribution of hand and foot force to take-off velocity for the kick-start in competitive swimming","volume":"35","author":"Takeda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"698","article-title":"Relationship between final performance and block times with the traditional and the new starting platforms with a back plate in international swimming championship 50-m and 100-m freestyle events","volume":"12","author":"Escalante","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"223","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of the swim-start: A review","volume":"13","author":"Vantorre","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2011.637122","article-title":"Effect of inclination and position of new swimming starting block\u2019s back plate on track-start performance","volume":"11","author":"Takeda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.05.064","article-title":"The effect of start block configuration and swimmer kinematics on starting performance in elite swimmers using the Omega OSB11 block","volume":"13","author":"Slawson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Cicenia, A., Oster, C., and Mokha, M. (2019). Kick Plate Position and Track Start Biomechanics in Elite Swimmers. J. Exerc. Nutr., 2."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Cicenia Achurra, A., Oster, C., and Mokha, G. (2020, January 21\u201325). Using Shin Length to Determine Kick Plate Position Optimizes Select Swim Start Mechanics in Elite Swimmers. Proceedings of the International Conference of Biomechanics in Sports, Liverpool, UK."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Honda, K., Sinclair, P., Mason, B., and Pease, D. (2012, January 2\u20136). The effect of starting position on elite swim start performance using an angled kick plate. Proceedings of the International Conference of Biomechanics in Sports, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kibele, A., Biel, K., and Fischer, S. (May, January 28). Optimizing individual stance position in the swim start on the OSB11. Proceedings of the XIIth International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, Canberra, Australia."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mat\u00fa\u0161, I., Ru\u017ebarsk\u00fd, P., and Vada\u0161ov\u00e1, B. (2021). Key Parameters Affecting Kick Start Performance in Competitive Swimming. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182211909"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200107000-00013","article-title":"Multi-segment coordination: Fatigue effects","volume":"33","author":"Rodacki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.04.137","article-title":"The Effect of Knee Angle on Force Production, in Swimming Starts, using the OSB11 Block","volume":"34","author":"Slawson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140208522784","article-title":"Swimming: Biomechanical analysis of the grab, track and handle swimming starts: An intervention study","volume":"1","author":"Blanksby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2174\/1875399X01003010137","article-title":"Biomechanical influence of start technique preference for elite track starters in front crawl","volume":"3","author":"Vantorre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Sports Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"443","article-title":"Eccentric flywheel post-activation potentiation influences swimming start performance kinetics","volume":"37","author":"Zacca","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954119874887","article-title":"Associations between ground reaction force waveforms and sprint start performance","volume":"14","author":"Colyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"319","article-title":"Periodization: Theory and methodology of training","volume":"62\u201365","author":"Bompa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger, T., Wick, D., Hohmann, A., El-Bahrawi, M., and Koth, A. (2003, January 21\u201323). Biomechanics of the grab and track start technique. Proceedings of the Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX, Saint-Etienne, France."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90571.2008","article-title":"Humans adjust control to initial squat depth in vertical squat jumping","volume":"105","author":"Bobbert","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199211000-00010","article-title":"EMG and mechanical changes during sprint starts at different front block obliquities","volume":"24","author":"Guissard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199723010-00002","article-title":"Biomechanics of the Sprint Start","volume":"23","author":"Harland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.04.012","article-title":"Analysis of angular momentum effect on swimming kick-start performance","volume":"49","author":"Taladriz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Jesus, S., Costa, M.J., Marinho, D.A., Garrido, N.D., Silva, A.J., and Barbosa, T.M. (July, January 27). 13th FINA World Championship finals: Stroke kinematics and race times according to performance, gender and event. Proceedings of the International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports, Porto, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2018.1435713","article-title":"Start and turn performances of elite sprinters at the 2016 European Championships in swimming","volume":"18","author":"Morais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Tor, E., Pease, D., and Ball, K. (May, January 28). Characteristics of an elite swimming start. Proceedings of the Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming Conference, Canberra, Australia."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"129","article-title":"Tracking young talented swimmers: Follow-up of performance and its biomechanical determinant factors","volume":"15","author":"Morais","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"McClelland, E., and Weyand, P. (2020, January 21\u201325). Any Olympic jump that woman can do, men can do nearly 20% better. Proceedings of the International Conference of Biomechanics in Sports, Liverpool, UK."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Kenney, W.L., Wilmore, J.H., and Costill, D.L. (2015). Physiology of Sport and Exercise, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c7c536","article-title":"Gender Influence on Response Time to Sensory Stimuli","volume":"24","author":"Spierer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2015.04.010","article-title":"Effect of different knee starting angles on intersegmental coordination and performance in vertical jumps","volume":"42","author":"Gheller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.736631","article-title":"The categorisation of swimming start performance with reference to force generation on the main block and footrest components of the Omega OSB11 start blocks","volume":"31","author":"Slawson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/5\/2722\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:28:03Z","timestamp":1760135283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/5\/2722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19052722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19052722","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]}}}