{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:28:44Z","timestamp":1777415324758,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]],"date-time":"2022-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["733032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["733032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Work-related exposures in industrial processing of chromate (chrome plating, surface treatment and welding) raise concern regarding the health risk of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). In this study, performed under the HBM4EU project, we focused on better understanding the determinants of exposure and recognising how risk management measures (RMMs) contribute to a reduction in exposure. HBM and occupational hygiene data were collected from 399 workers and 203 controls recruited in nine European countries. Urinary total chromium (U-Cr), personal inhalable and respirable dust of Cr and Cr(VI) and Cr from hand wipes were collected. Data on the RMMs were collected by questionnaires. We studied the association between different exposure parameters and the use of RMMs. The relationship between exposure by inhalation and U-Cr in different worker groups was analysed using regression analysis and found a strong association. Automatisation of Cr electroplating dipping explained lower exposure levels in platers. The use of personal protective equipment resulted in lower U-Cr levels in welding, bath plating and painting. An effect of wearing gloves was observed in machining. An effect of local exhaust ventilation and training was observed in welding. Regression analyses showed that in platers, exposure to air level of 5 \u00b5g\/m3 corresponds to U-Cr level of 7 \u00b5g\/g creatinine. In welders, the same inhalation exposure resulted in lower U-Cr levels reflecting toxicokinetic differences of different chromium species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:30:14Z","timestamp":1647811814000},"page":"3683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["HBM4EU Chromates Study: Determinants of Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium in Plating, Welding and Other Occupational Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7930-2914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Bocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Radia","family":"Bousoumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Research and Safety Institute, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9350-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu Corneliu","family":"Duca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9 (LNS), 1, Rue Louis Rech, 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), O&N 5b, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9540-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen S.","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4764-8835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lode","family":"Godderis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), O&N 5b, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0444-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Iavicoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0904-9869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Janasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health & Safety Executive, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3607-4592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Leese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health & Safety Executive, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK"}]},{"given":"Veruscka","family":"Leso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-2465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Ndaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Research and Safety Institute, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France"}]},{"given":"An","family":"van Nieuwenhuyse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9 (LNS), 1, Rue Louis Rech, 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), O&N 5b, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Katrien","family":"Poels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), O&N 5b, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Simo P.","family":"Porras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5161-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Ruggieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6060-0716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lisbon and ToxOmics\u2014Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Department of Human Genetics, NOVA Medical School, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4105-5126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelle","family":"Verdonck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), O&N 5b, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Wasowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8546-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul T. J.","family":"Scheepers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8150-4985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiina","family":"Santonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"name":"HBM4EU Chromates Study Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NIOSH (2022, February 11). 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