{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T09:51:11Z","timestamp":1774950671255,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":321,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]],"date-time":"2022-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["project LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["2020.09070.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.09070.BD"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["2020.05765.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.05765.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of new psychoactive substances has earned a great deal of attention, and several reports of acute poisoning and deaths have been issued involving, for instance, synthetic opiates. In recent years, there have been profound alterations in the legislation concerning consumption, marketing, and synthesis of these compounds; rapid alert systems have also been subject to changes, and new substances and new markets, mainly through the internet, have appeared. Their effects and how they originate in consumers are still mostly unknown, primarily in what concerns chronic toxicity. This review intends to provide a detailed description of these substances from the point of view of consumption, toxicokinetics, and health consequences, including case reports on intoxications in order to help researchers and public health agents working daily in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T04:21:28Z","timestamp":1650255688000},"page":"4869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["An Update on the Implications of New Psychoactive Substances in Public Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ana Y.","family":"Sim\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilha, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Qu\u00edmica e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses, Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Sul, 1150-219 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2517-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrik","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luana M.","family":"Rosendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Teresa","family":"Brinca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Estef\u00e2nia","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hern\u00e2ni","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilha, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilha, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-7576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds A.","family":"Passarinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maristela","family":"Andraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chromatox\/Dasa Laboratory Ltda. Sumar\u00e9, S\u00e3o Paulo 01259-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8848-2734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Qu\u00edmica e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses, Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Sul, 1150-219 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilha, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, November 19). The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union Directive (EU) 2017\/2103 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 November 2017 Amending Council Framework Decision 2004\/757\/JHA in order to Include New Psychoactive Substances in the Definition of \u2018Drug\u2019 and Repealing Council Decision 2005\/387. Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2017\/2103\/oj."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Var\u00ec, M.R., Mannocchi, G., Tittarelli, R., Campanozzi, L.L., Nittari, G., Feola, A., Ronchi, F.U., and Ricci, G. (2020). New Psychoactive Substances: Evolution in the Exchange of Information and Innovative Legal Responses in the European Union. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228704"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2013.09.001","article-title":"Emerging Drugs of Abuse","volume":"32","author":"Nelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2021, November 13). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime What are NPS?. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/LSS\/Page\/NPS."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2020). Current NPS Threats Volume II, UNODC."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021, November 17). Early Warning Advisory on New Psychoactive Substances: NPS Substance Groups. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/LSS\/SubstanceGroup\/GroupsDashboard?testType=NPS."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204512532096719","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125320967197","article-title":"New psychoactive substances: A review and updates","volume":"10","author":"Shafi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021, November 19). Early Warning Advisory on New Psychoactive Substances: Synthetic Cathinones. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/LSS\/SubstanceGroup\/Details\/67b1ba69-1253-4ae9-bd93-fed1ae8e6802."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Addiction (2021, November 16). Spotlight on\u2026 Synthetic cannabinoids, Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/spotlights\/synthetic-cannabinoids_en."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02693-7","article-title":"Designer drugs: Mechanism of action and adverse effects","volume":"94","author":"Luethi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021, November 21). Early Warning Advisory on New Psychoactive Substances: Phenethylamines. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/LSS\/SubstanceGroup\/Details\/275dd468-75a3-4609-9e96-cc5a2f0da467."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021, November 03). The challenge of New Psychoactive Substances. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/scientists\/the-challenge-of-new-psychoactive-substances---global-smart-programme.html."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.007","article-title":"Piperazine compounds as drugs of abuse","volume":"122","author":"Arbo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00236","article-title":"Synthetic Aminoindanes: A Summary of Existing Knowledge","volume":"8","author":"Pinterova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0193-z","article-title":"The toxicology of bath salts: A review of synthetic cathinones","volume":"8","author":"Prosser","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021, December 08). Early Warning Advisory on New Psychoactive Substances: Tryptamines. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/LSS\/SubstanceGroup\/Details\/68c027b6-0ed9-4c07-a139-7f1ca7ffce84."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021, December 08). Early Warning Advisory on New Psychoactive Substances: Synthetic Cannabinoids. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/LSS\/SubstanceGroup\/Details\/ae45ce06-6d33-4f5f-916a-e873f07bde02."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021, December 08). Early Warning Advisory on New Psychoactive Substances: Phencyclidine-Type Substances. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/LSS\/SubstanceGroup\/Details\/6bf165ed-82e7-47e0-9eaa-daacc42d99cd."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021, December 08). Early Warning Advisory on New Psychoactive Substances: Other substances. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/LSS\/SubstanceGroup\/Details\/01f2d3e0-91d1-4406-87db-e7129d40a371."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.033","article-title":"A review: Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls","volume":"171","author":"Suzuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021, November 20). New Benzodiazepines in Europe\u2013A Review, Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/rapid-communications\/new-benzodiazepines-europe-review_en."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, J., Lu\u00eds, \u00c2., Gallardo, E., and Duarte, A.P. (2021). Psychoactive substances of natural origin: Toxicological aspects, therapeutic properties and analysis in biological samples. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051397"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.112945","article-title":"Biomedical analysis of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) of natural origin","volume":"179","author":"Tagliabracci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meireles, V., Rosado, T., Barroso, M., Soares, S., Gon\u00e7alves, J., Lu\u00eds, \u00c2., Caramelo, D., Sim\u00e3o, A.Y., Fern\u00e1ndez, N., and Duarte, A.P. (2019). Mitragyna speciosa: Clinical, Toxicological Aspects and Analysis in Biological and Non-Biological Samples. Medicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6010035"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00e3o, A.Y., Gon\u00e7alves, J., Gradillas, A., Garc\u00eda, A., Restolho, J., Fern\u00e1ndez, N., Rodilla, J.M., Barroso, M., Duarte, A.P., and Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o, A.C. (2020). Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of Ayahuasca Beverages. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235594"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.4155\/bio-2018-0150","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids in biological specimens: A review of current analytical methods and sample preparation techniques","volume":"10","author":"Rosado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2019.1679087","article-title":"Synthetic cathinones: An evolving class of new psychoactive substances","volume":"49","author":"Alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2019.1588933","article-title":"Novel synthetic opioids\u2013toxicological aspects and analysis","volume":"4","author":"Tabarra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpp.12313","article-title":"New psychoactive substances: A public health issue","volume":"25","author":"Guirguis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.310","article-title":"Social, policy, and public health perspectives on new psychoactive substances","volume":"3","author":"Sumnall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3909","article-title":"Piperazine designer drugs elicit toxicity in the alternative in vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"40","author":"Souto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2478\/acph-2020-0035","article-title":"Piperazine derivatives as dangerous abused compounds","volume":"70","author":"Welz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2021.1931861","article-title":"Piperazine skeleton in the structural modification of natural products: A review","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2011.12.004","article-title":"Determination of piperazine-type stimulants in human urine by means of microextraction in packed sorbent and high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection","volume":"61","author":"Moreno","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.307","article-title":"Current awareness of piperazines: Pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"3","author":"Elliott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx090","article-title":"Stability of synthetic piperazines in human whole blood","volume":"42","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31826d0915","article-title":"Analytical toxicology of emerging drugs of abuse-An update","volume":"34","author":"Meyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105877","article-title":"Chemical classification of new psychoactive substances (NPS)","volume":"163","author":"Zapata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021, December 04). Benzylpiperazine (BZP) and other Piperazines Drug Profile, Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/drug-profiles\/bzp_en."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2011.12.016","article-title":"Rapid determination of piperazine-type stimulants in human urine by microextraction in packed sorbent after method optimization using a multivariate approach","volume":"1222","author":"Moreno","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"101","article-title":"Determination of piperazine derivatives in \u201clegal highs\u201d","volume":"LXXXI","author":"Byrska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Probl. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021, December 08). New Psychoactive Substances in Prison, Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/files\/publications\/8869\/nps-in-prison.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107556","article-title":"Characteristics and circumstances of death related to new psychoactive stimulants and hallucinogens in Australia","volume":"204","author":"Darke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4165-x","article-title":"Acute effects of BZP, TFMPP and the combination of BZP and TFMPP in comparison to dexamphetamine on an auditory oddball task using electroencephalography: A single-dose study","volume":"233","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02254.x","article-title":"A Fatality Following Ingestion of the Designer Drug Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) in an Asthmatic-HPLC-MS\/MS Detection in Biofluids and Hair","volume":"58","author":"Gaillard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1777-9","article-title":"In vitro hepatotoxicity of \u2018Legal X\u2019: The combination of 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) and 1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) triggers oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment and apoptosis","volume":"91","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.12.002","article-title":"BZP-party pills: A review of research on benzylpiperazine as a recreational drug","volume":"22","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01457.x","article-title":"Validation of an LC-MS method for the detection and quantification of BZP and TFMPP and their hydroxylated metabolites in human plasma and its application to the pharmacokinetic study of TFMPP in humans","volume":"55","author":"Antia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.01.015","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of \u201cparty pill\u201d drug N-benzylpiperazine (BZP) in healthy human participants","volume":"186","author":"Antia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199808000-00007","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of oral and intravenous meta-chlorophenylpiperazine in healthy volunteers","volume":"18","author":"Gijsman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190014544814","article-title":"Toxicology and Management of Novel Psychoactive Drugs","volume":"28","author":"Kersten","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.10.022","article-title":"Effect fingerprinting of new psychoactive substances (NPS): What can we learn from in vitro data?","volume":"182","author":"Hondebrink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Dargan, P.I., and Wood, D.M. (2013). 1-Benzylpiperazine and other Piperazine-based Derivatives. Novel Psychoactive Substance, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.010","article-title":"Benzylpiperazine: \u201cA messy drug\u201d","volume":"164","author":"Katz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3128-3","article-title":"Differential responses to anticipation of reward after an acute dose of the designer drugs benzylpiperazine (BZP) and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) alone and in combination using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)","volume":"229","author":"Curley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.01.024","article-title":"Pharmacological profiles of aminoindanes, piperazines, and pipradrol derivatives","volume":"88","author":"Simmler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1424","article-title":"\u201cNot for human consumption\u201d: A review of emerging designer drugs","volume":"34","author":"Musselman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20174","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances of interest for psychiatry","volume":"14","author":"Schifano","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Wilkins, C., and Sweetsur, P. (2021, October 05). The Impact of the Prohibition of Benzylpiperazine (BZP) \u2018Legal Highs\u2019 on the Prevalence of BZP, New Legal Highs and other Drug Use in New Zealand. Available online: https:\/\/khepri-node.dev.meta-infra.org\/papers\/the-impact-of-the-prohibition-of-benzylpiperazine\/22819869."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03161209","article-title":"Dissociative and sympathomimetic toxicity associated with recreational use of 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) piperazine (TFMPP) and 1-benzylpiperzine (BZP)","volume":"4","author":"Wood","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"409","article-title":"\u201cDesigner drugs\u201d: Update on the management of novel psychoactive substance misuse in the acute care setting","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Med. J. R. Coll. Physicians Lond."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Costa de Souza e Escada, S. (2007). M\u00e9todos de An\u00e1lise de Piperazinas em Fluidos Biol\u00f3gicos. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Univesidade de Aveiro]."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8660-z","article-title":"Biochip array technology immunoassay performance and quantitative confirmation of designer piperazines for urine workplace drug testing","volume":"407","author":"Castaneto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.06.031","article-title":"Piperazine designer drugs induce toxicity in cardiomyoblast h9c2 cells through mitochondrial impairment","volume":"229","author":"Arbo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2019.09.007","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity screening of illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances (NPS) in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes using microelectrode array (MEA) recordings","volume":"136","author":"Zwartsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejfs.2014.03.002","article-title":"Development of a targeted GC\/MS screening method and validation of an HPLC\/DAD quantification method for piperazines-amphetamines mixtures in seized material","volume":"4","author":"Boumrah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4764-9","article-title":"The 5-HT2C receptor agonist meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) reduces palatable food consumption and BOLD fMRI responses to food images in healthy female volunteers","volume":"235","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.01.037","article-title":"Ligand-directed serotonin 5-HT2C receptor desensitization and sensitization","volume":"848","author":"Felsinga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178646919873925","DOI":"10.1177\/1178646919873925","article-title":"Serotonin Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Potential Future Directions","volume":"12","author":"Scotton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2015.04.001","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity of piperazine designer drugs: Comparison of different in vitro models","volume":"29","author":"Arbo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-016-9604-x","article-title":"An In Vitro Study of the Neurotoxic Effects of N-Benzylpiperazine: A Designer Drug of Abuse","volume":"29","author":"Persona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parrott, A.C. (2018). Mood fluctuation and psychobiological instability: The same core functions are disrupted by novel psychoactive substances and established recreational drugs. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8030043"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Shelton, R.S. (1942). Secondary Beta Phenyl Propyl Amines and Pharmaceutical Compositions Thereof. (No. 2,298,630), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Woodruff, E.H. (1942). Amino Compound. (No. 2,293,874), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2699","article-title":"The metabolic fate of the two new psychoactive substances 2-aminoindane and N-methyl-2-aminoindane studied in vitro and in vivo to support drug testing","volume":"12","author":"Manier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01186a010","article-title":"Physiologically active indanamines","volume":"9","author":"Levin","year":"1944","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"400","article-title":"Pharmacology of 2-amino-indane hydrochloride (Su-8629): A potent non-narcotic analgesic","volume":"133","author":"Witkin","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00270a004","article-title":"2-Aminoindans of pharmacological interest","volume":"16","author":"Solomons","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00260a014","article-title":"Potential anti-Parkinson drugs designed by receptor mapping","volume":"16","author":"Martin","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2021, November 27). The Regents of the University of California Monoamine Oxidase B (MAO-B) Inhibitors. Available online: https:\/\/pdcenter.ucsf.edu\/monoamine-oxidase-b-mao-b-inhibitors."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00250a008","article-title":"Discriminant analysis of the relation between physical properties and the inhibition of monoamine oxidase by aminotetralins and aminoindans","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703826","article-title":"Rasagiline [N-propargyl-1R(+)-aminoindan], a selective and potent inhibitor of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase B","volume":"132","author":"Youdim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4140\/TCP.n.2011.48","article-title":"Selegiline and rasagiline: Twins or distant cousins?","volume":"26","year":"2011","journal-title":"Consult Pharm"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb16914.x","article-title":"Structure-activity-relationships of MDMA and related-compounds\u2014A new class of psychoactive-drugs","volume":"600","author":"Nichols","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00160a035","article-title":"Derivatives of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: Representatives of a novel therapeutic class","volume":"29","author":"Nichols","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1098","article-title":"(+)-N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine as a discriminative stimulus in studies of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine-like behavioral activity","volume":"255","author":"Oberlender","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021, November 27). Action on New Drugs, Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/html.cfm\/index96437EN.html."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021, November 27). Early Warning Advisory on New Psychoactive Substances: Aminoindanes. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/LSS\/SubstanceGroup\/Details\/8fd64573-c567-4734-a258-76d1d95dca25."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2020.1826931","article-title":"The emerging role of psilocybin and MDMA in the treatment of mental illness","volume":"20","author":"Gill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Leach, B. (The Telegraph, 2010). New Drug to Replace Mephedrone as \u2018Legal High\u2019, The Telegraph."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2298","article-title":"MDAI (5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane; 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[f][1,3]benzodioxol-6-amine; \u201csparkle\u201d; \u2019mindy\u2019) toxicity: A brief overview and update","volume":"28","author":"Corkery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1","article-title":"Is the 5-iodo-2-aminoindan (5-IAI) the new MDMA?","volume":"3","author":"Coppola","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Addict. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.008","article-title":"5-Iodo-2-aminoindan (5-IAI): Chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of a research chemical producing MDMA-like effects","volume":"218","author":"Coppola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Kavanagh, P., Sharma, J., McNamara, S., Angelov, D., McDermott, S., Mullan, D., and Ryder, S. (2021, December 08). Head Shop \u2018Legal Highs\u2019 Active Constituents Identification Chart (June 2010, Post-Ban). Available online: https:\/\/www.drugsandalcohol.ie\/13204\/."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"(2021, December 08). PsychonautWiki MDAI\/Summary. Available online: https:\/\/psychonautwiki.org\/wiki\/MDAI\/Summary."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3109\/10408448509023765","article-title":"Biologic Activity of Hydroxylamine: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Gross","year":"1985","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.04.004","article-title":"Emerging toxicity of 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI): Pharmacokinetics, behaviour, thermoregulation and LD50 in rats","volume":"69","author":"Himl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00075a027","article-title":"Synthesis and pharmacological examination of benzofuran, indan, and tetralin analogs of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine","volume":"36","author":"Monte","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1255","article-title":"5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane: From laboratory curiosity to \u2018legal high\u2019","volume":"27","author":"Gallagher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.04.017","article-title":"A 3-year review of new psychoactive substances in casework","volume":"243","author":"Elliott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03083-3","article-title":"An updated review on synthetic cathinones","volume":"95","author":"Soares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210500353020","article-title":"Khat (Catha edulis)\u2014An updated review","volume":"10","author":"Skaug","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1021\/jm50015a010","article-title":"Chemical Pharmacology of Catha Edulis","volume":"3","author":"Alles","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01395a032","article-title":"Synthetic homologues of d,l- ephedrine","volume":"50","author":"Hyde","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"284","article-title":"Sur un homologue de l\u2019\u00e9ph\u00e9drine [On a homologue of ephedrine]","volume":"45","year":"1929","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Mehta, N. (1974). Meta chloro substituted-alpha-butylamino-propiophenones. (3,819,706), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctte, J. (1961). Anorexigenic Propiophenones. (US3001910A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"631","article-title":"Evaluation of pyrovalerone in chronically fatigued volunteers","volume":"13","author":"Gardos","year":"1971","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.1964.tb00682.x","article-title":"The use of diethylpropion in the treatment of obesity","volume":"18","author":"Deramos","year":"1964","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1977.tb11460.x","article-title":"Bupropion hydrochloride ((+\/\u2212) alpha-t-butylamino-3-chloro-propiophenone HCl): A novel antidepressant agent","volume":"29","author":"Soroko","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"CD000031","article-title":"Antidepressants for smoking cessation","volume":"1","author":"Hughes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2017.08.010","article-title":"Obesity Pharmacotherapy","volume":"102","author":"Saunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(97)00323-7","article-title":"Cathinone: An investigation of several N-alkyl and methylenedioxy-substituted analogs","volume":"58","author":"Young","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.4155\/bio-2020-0148","article-title":"Recent bionalytical methods for the determination of new psychoactive substances in biological specimens","volume":"12","author":"Antunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Addiction (2021, October 01). European Drug Report Trends and Developments, Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/edr\/trends-developments\/2021_en."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Addiction (2021, December 03). Injection of Synthetic Cathinones, Available online: http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/files\/publications\/2754\/Synthetic cathinones_updated2015.pdf."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2621","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2621","article-title":"Patterns of use and toxicity of new para-halogenated substituted cathinones: 4-CMC (clephedrone), 4-CEC (4-chloroethcatinone) and 4-BMC (brephedrone)","volume":"32","author":"Grifell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1163-9","article-title":"Khat and synthetic cathinones: A review","volume":"88","author":"Valente","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.04.015","article-title":"Designer cathinones\u2014An emerging class of novel recreational drugs","volume":"231","author":"Zawilska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zawilska, J.B. (2018). The effects and risks associated with synthetic cathinones use in humans. Synthetic Cathinones, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78707-7"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.07.015","article-title":"Abuse potential and toxicity of the synthetic cathinones (i.e., \u201cBath salts\u201d)","volume":"110","author":"Riley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zawilska, J.B. (2018). Synthetic cathinones\u2014Prevalence and motivations for use. Synthetic Cathinones, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78707-7"},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Addiction (2021, November 25). Synthetic cathinones drug profile, Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/drug-profiles\/synthetic-cathinones_en."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zawilska, J.B. (2018). Effects of Synthetic Cathinones on Brain Neurotransmitters. Synthetic Cathinones, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78707-7"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.304","article-title":"The Designer Methcathinone Analogs, Mephedrone and Methylone, are Substrates for Monoamine Transporters in Brain Tissue","volume":"37","author":"Baumann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12061","article-title":"Bath salts components mephedrone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) act synergistically at the human dopamine transporter","volume":"168","author":"Cameron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00538-5","article-title":"Inhibition of plasma membrane monoamine transporters by \u03b2-ketoamphetamines","volume":"381","author":"Cozzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.11.075","article-title":"The effects of non-medically used psychoactive drugs on monoamine neurotransmission in rat brain","volume":"559","author":"Nagai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.313","article-title":"Cathinone derivatives: A review of their chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"3","author":"Kelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01834.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of cathinone, cathine and norephedrine after the chewing of khat leaves","volume":"56","author":"Toennes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1994.69","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of khat: A controlled study","volume":"55","author":"Widler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115598415","article-title":"Concentrations of MDPV in rat striatum correlate with the psychostimulant efect","volume":"29","author":"Novellas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.75","article-title":"Human pharmacology of mephedrone in comparison with MDMA","volume":"41","author":"Papaseit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zawilska, J.B. (2018). Metabolism of Synthetic Cathinones. Synthetic Cathinones, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78707-7"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8763-6","article-title":"In vitro Phase I and Phase II metabolism of \u03b1-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (\u03b1-PVP), methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and methedrone by human liver microsomes and human liver cytosol","volume":"407","author":"Negreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017didkov\u00e1, M., Linhart, I., Bal\u00edkov\u00e1, M., Himl, M., Dvo\u0159\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, V., Lhotkov\u00e1, E., and P\u00e1len\u00ed\u010dek, T. (2017). Identification of three new phase II metabolites of a designer drug methylone formed in rats by N-demethylation followed by conjugation with dicarboxylic acids. Xenobiotica, 618\u2013625.","DOI":"10.1080\/00498254.2017.1349964"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"18","article-title":"A 6-year review of new psychoactive substances at the Centre Antipoison Grand-Ouest d\u2019Angers: Clinical and biological data","volume":"29","author":"Turcant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Anal. Clin."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2016.12.018","article-title":"Identification of novel psychoactive substances 25B-NBOMe and 4-CMC in biologi- cal material using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS and their quantification in blood using UPLC-MS\/MS in case of severe intoxications","volume":"1041\u20131042","author":"Wiergowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2014.05.001","article-title":"Postmortem distri- bution of \u03b1-pyrrolidinobutiophenone in body fluids and solid tissues of a human cadaver","volume":"16","author":"Wurita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2016.03.001","article-title":"Determination of \u201cnew psychoactive substances\u201d in postmortem matrices using microwave derivatization and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry","volume":"1020","author":"Margalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa074","article-title":"Determination of Selected Cathinones in Blood by Solid-Phase Extraction and GC-MS","volume":"45","author":"Antunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12639","article-title":"Abuse liability and therapeutic potential of the Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) alkaloids mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine","volume":"24","author":"Hemby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.204","article-title":"Analysis of NRG \u2018legal highs\u2019 in the UK: Identification and formation of novel cathinones","volume":"3","author":"Brandt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky047","article-title":"Distribution of the synthetic cathinone \u03b1-pyrrolidinohexiophenone in biological specimens","volume":"43","author":"Vignali","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2019.101626","article-title":"A case of intoxication with a new cathinone derivative \u03b1-PiHP\u2014A presentation of concentrations in biological specimens","volume":"42","author":"Adamowicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-019-00486-x","article-title":"Case report on twocathinones abuse: MPHP and N-ethyl-4\u2032methylnorpentedrone, with a fatal outcome","volume":"38","author":"Lelievre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00148","article-title":"Trace Amines and the Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1: Pharmacology, Neurochemistry, and Clinical Implications","volume":"10","author":"Pei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02501.x","article-title":"Mammalian central nervous system trace amines. Pharmacologic amphetamines, physiologic neuromodulators","volume":"90","author":"Berry","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(88)90303-6","article-title":"A preliminary behavioral investigation of PMMA, the 4-methoxy analog of methamphetamine","volume":"31","author":"Glennon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"Shulgin, A.T., and Shulgin, A. (1990). Pihkal: A Chemical Love Story, Transform Press."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1021\/jm970219x","article-title":"Dihydrobenzofuran analogues of hallucinogens. 4. Mescaline derivatives","volume":"40","author":"Monte","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.315","article-title":"Some new psychoactive substances: Precursor chemicals and synthesis-driven end-products","volume":"3","author":"Collins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"Sutherland, R., and Barratt, M. (2021, December 07). New (and Emerging) Psychoactive Substances (NPS). Available online: https:\/\/ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au\/sites\/default\/files\/ndarc\/resources\/NDA073 New Psychoactive Substances %28NPS%29.pdf."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcq056","article-title":"Purchasing \u201clegal highs\u201d on the Internet-is there consistency in what you get?","volume":"103","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"QJM An Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"1373","article-title":"LSD and the phenethylamine hallucinogen DOI are potent partial agonists at 5-HT2A receptors on interneurons in rat piriform cortex","volume":"278","author":"Marek","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2018.11.002","article-title":"Clinical and Toxicological Profile of NBOMes: A Systematic Review","volume":"60","author":"Marchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1980","article-title":"Overview of regulation of dietary supplements in the USA and issues of adulteration with phenethylamines (PEAs)","volume":"9","author":"Pawar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-012-0158-1","article-title":"Identification of N-ethyl-\u03b1-ethylphenethylamine in crystalline powder seized for suspected drug trafficking: A research chemical or a new designer drug?","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(77)83004-5","article-title":"Phenethylamine and related compounds in plants","volume":"16","author":"Smith","year":"1977","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.615318","article-title":"Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs","volume":"49","author":"Hill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0295-x","article-title":"2C or Not 2C: Phenethylamine Designer Drug Review","volume":"9","author":"Dean","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2006.01.008","article-title":"New drugs of abuse in North America","volume":"26","author":"Haroz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.07.004","article-title":"Metabolic pathways of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B): Analysis of phase I metabolism with hepatocytes of six species including human","volume":"206","author":"Carmo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2006.03.001","article-title":"No Title Studies on the metabolism and toxicological detection of the designer drug 4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine (2C-E) in rat urine using gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques","volume":"842","author":"Theobald","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160ul\u00e1kov\u00e1, A., Nykodemov\u00e1, J., Palivec, P., Jurok, R., Rimpelov\u00e1, S., Leonhardt, T., \u0160\u00edchov\u00e1, K., P\u00e1len\u00ed\u010dek, T., and Kucha\u0159, M. (2021). 25CN-NBOMe Metabolites in Rat Urine, Human Liver Microsomes and C.elegans- Structure Determination and Synthesis of the Most Abundant Metabolites. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11040212"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.11.040","article-title":"Metabolic fate and detectability of the new psychoactive substances 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25B-NBOMe) and 2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25C-NBOMe) in human and rat u","volume":"134","author":"Caspar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2031","article-title":"Characterization of the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of 25I-NBOMe and 25I-NBOH","volume":"9","author":"Nielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113638","article-title":"New psychoactive substances (NPS) and serotonin syndrome onset: A systematic review","volume":"339","author":"Schifano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/27.7.493","article-title":"Postmortem identification and quantitation of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine using GC-MSD and GC-NPD","volume":"27","author":"Curtis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0314-y","article-title":"2-(4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25I-NBOMe): Clinical case with unique confirmatory testing","volume":"10","author":"Stellpflug","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.10.015","article-title":"Postmortem detection of 25I-NBOMe [2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine] in fluids and tissues determined by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry from a traumatic death","volume":"234","author":"Poklis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"e9870","article-title":"25b-NBOMe: A Case Report of Sudden Death and Insightful View of Google Trends Data","volume":"12","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Psychiatry Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malaca, S., Lo Faro, A.F., Tamborra, A., Pichini, S., Busard\u00f2, F.P., and Huestis, M.A. (2020). Toxicology and Analysis of Psychoactive Tryptamines. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239279"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1513-x","article-title":"The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: An updated review","volume":"89","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"w14043","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances (designer drugs): Overview and pharmacology of modulators of monoamine signalling","volume":"145","author":"Liechti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X13666141210222409","article-title":"Recreational Use, Analysis and Toxicity of Tryptamines","volume":"13","author":"Tittarelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00e3o, A.Y., Gon\u00e7alves, J., Duarte, A.P., Barroso, M., Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o, A.C., and Gallardo, E. (2019). Toxicological Aspects and Determination of the Main Components of Ayahuasca: A Critical Review. Medicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6040106"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vargas, A.S., Lu\u00eds, \u00c2., Barroso, M., Gallardo, E., and Pereira, L. (2020). Psilocybin as a New Approach to Treat Depression and Anxiety in the Context of Life-Threatening Diseases-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8090331"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.0c00048","article-title":"Psilocybin Therapeutic Research: The Present and Future Paradigm","volume":"11","author":"Kargbo","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0542-y","article-title":"Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_181","unstructured":"(2021, December 01). Global Drug Survey GDS 2020 Psychedelics Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.globaldrugsurvey.com\/gds-2020-psychedelics-report\/."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3452691","article-title":"Acute Intoxication following Dimethyltryptamine Ingestion","volume":"2018","author":"Bilhimer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13982","article-title":"Unpredictable Behavior Under the Influence of \u201cMagic Mushrooms\u201d: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"64","author":"Honyiglo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"2869","article-title":"Automutilation after consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms","volume":"151","author":"Portier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.8.838","article-title":"A fatal intoxication following the ingestion of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in an ayahuasca preparation","volume":"29","author":"Sklerov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.27087","article-title":"Cannabinoids: From pot to lab","volume":"15","author":"Papaseit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.09.011","article-title":"Moving around the molecule: Relationship between chemical structure and in vivo activity of synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"97","author":"Wiley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1558","article-title":"\u2018Spice\u2019 and other herbal blends: Harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs?","volume":"44","author":"Dresen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_189","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021, December 01). Synthetic Cannabinoids and \u201cSpice\u201d Drug Profile, Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/drug-profiles\/synthetic-cannabinoids_en."},{"key":"ref_190","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2020). Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists in Seized Materials (Revised and Updated) Manual for Use by National Drug Analysis Laboratories, United Nations Office at Vienna."},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"1178221817701739","article-title":"Vaping Synthetic Cannabinoids: A Novel Preclinical Model of E-Cigarette Use in Mice","volume":"11","author":"Lefever","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subst. Abus. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcx049","article-title":"The dark cloud of recreational drugs and vaping","volume":"111","author":"Blundell","year":"2018","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.031","article-title":"E-cigarettes\u2014An unintended illicit drug delivery system","volume":"192","author":"Breitbarth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_194","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021, December 01). Synthetic Cannabinoids in Europe\u2014A Review, Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/files\/publications\/14035\/Synthetic-cannabinoids-in-Europe-EMCDDA-technical-report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.005","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids: Epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications","volume":"144","author":"Castaneto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_196","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021, December 01). Synthetic Cannabinoids in Europe, Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/topics\/pods\/synthetic-cannabinoids_en."},{"key":"ref_197","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021). Current NPS Threats Volume IV, UNODC."},{"key":"ref_198","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021, December 09). New Report Highlights Public Health and Social Risks Posed by Synthetic Cannabinoids in Europe, Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/news\/2021\/new-report-highlights-public-health-and-social-risks-posed-synthetic-cannabinoids-europe_en."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-4743-7","article-title":"Comparison of \u201cherbal highs\u201d composition","volume":"400","author":"Zuba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2014). Drug Abuse Warning Network The DAWN Report, Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits Involving Synthetic Cannabinoids."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2012.00519.x","article-title":"Patterns of synthetic cannabinoid use in Australia","volume":"32","author":"Barratt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-6-16","article-title":"College students and use of K2: An emerging drug of abuse in young persons","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse Treat. Prev. Policy"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666161111114214","article-title":"Distribution of Synthetic Cannabinoids JWH-210, RCS-4 and \u2206 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol After Intravenous Administration to Pigs","volume":"15","author":"Schaefer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.30.10.1077","article-title":"In vitro metabolism of R(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(morpholinyl)methyl]pyrrolo [1,2,3-de]1,4-benzoxazinyl]-(1-naphthalenyl) methanone mesylate, a cannabinoid receptor agonist","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.640","article-title":"Characterization of rat liver microsomal metabolites of AM-630, a potent cannabinoid receptor antagonist, by high-performance liquid chromatography\/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0717-6","article-title":"Identification of in vitro metabolites of JWH-015, an aminoalkylindole agonist for the peripheral cannabinoid receptor (CB2) by HPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"386","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.04.003","article-title":"Detection of JWH-018 metabolites in smoking mixture post-administration urine","volume":"200","author":"Sobolevsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.158","article-title":"Screening for the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and its major metabolites in human doping controls","volume":"3","author":"Wintermeyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.03.043","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic properties of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and of its metabolites in serum after inhalation","volume":"140","author":"Toennes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4228","DOI":"10.1021\/ac2005636","article-title":"Quantitative measurement of JWH-018 and JWH-073 metabolites excreted in human urine","volume":"83","author":"Moran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.111.040709","article-title":"Conjugation of Synthetic Cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH-073, Metabolites by Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases","volume":"39","author":"Chimalakonda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-4171-0","article-title":"In vitro phase I metabolism of the synthetic cannabimimetic JWH-018","volume":"398","author":"Wintermeyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-018-1055-x","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids are substrates and inhibitors of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes","volume":"41","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2017-0605","article-title":"The ongoing challenge of novel psychoactive drugs of abuse. Part I. Synthetic cannabinoids (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"90","author":"Abbate","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.112.047530","article-title":"Cytochrome P450-Mediated Oxidative Metabolism of Abused Synthetic Cannabinoids Found in K2\/Spice: Identification of Novel Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands","volume":"40","author":"Chimalakonda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2692","article-title":"Detection and phase I metabolism of the 7-azaindole-derived synthetic cannabinoid 5F-AB-P7AICA including a preliminary pharmacokinetic evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Giorgetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2016_60","article-title":"Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids and Their Metabolites","volume":"Volume 32","author":"Baumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS). Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.609822","article-title":"Severe Toxicity Following Synthetic Cannabinoid Ingestion","volume":"49","author":"Lapoint","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.06.114","article-title":"New Synthetic Cannabinoids Intoxications in Italy: Clinical Identification and Analytical Confirmation of Cases","volume":"41","author":"Locatelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1064","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1797","article-title":"Clinical Presentation of Intoxication Due to Synthetic Cannabinoids","volume":"129","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2012.03.007","article-title":"A Characterization of Synthetic Cannabinoid Exposures Reported to the National Poison Data System in 2010","volume":"60","author":"Hoyte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1110590","article-title":"A systematic review of adverse events arising from the use of synthetic cannabinoids and their associated treatment","volume":"54","author":"Tait","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_223","first-page":"31","article-title":"Synthetic Cannabinoids\u2014\u201dSpice\u201d Can Induce a Psychosis: A Brief Review","volume":"16","author":"Yeruva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innov. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.130","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids: The good, the bad, and the ugly","volume":"15","author":"Pacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-014-0259-0","article-title":"Identification and quantitation of 5-fluoro-ADB, one of the most dangerous synthetic cannabinoids, in the stomach contents and solid tissues of a human cadaver and in some herbal products","volume":"33","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-015-0272-y","article-title":"Postmortem distribution of MAB-CHMINACA in body fluids and solid tissues of a human cadaver","volume":"33","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-017-0354-0","article-title":"Sensitive identification and quantitation of parent forms of six synthetic cannabinoids in urine samples of human cadavers by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"35","author":"Minakata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.10.042","article-title":"Three fatalities associated with the synthetic cannabinoids 5F-ADB, 5F-PB-22, and AB-CHMINACA","volume":"281","author":"Angerer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.08.012","article-title":"Death due to diabetic ketoacidosis: Induction by the consumption of synthetic cannabinoids?","volume":"257","author":"Hess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2018_124","article-title":"Phencyclidine-based new psychoactive substances","volume":"Volume 252","author":"Wallach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1620","article-title":"From PCP to MXE: A comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs","volume":"6","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.02.001","article-title":"Linking phencyclidine intoxication to the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway: Therapeutic implications for schizophrenia","volume":"125","author":"Fujigaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.02.034","article-title":"A non-fatal intoxication and seven deaths involving the dissociative drug 3-MeO-PCP","volume":"275","author":"Johansson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06199.x","article-title":"Designer drugs: A medicinal chemistry perspective","volume":"1248","author":"Carroll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_235","unstructured":"McBride, L.A. (2020). Ketamine and Other Phencyclidine Analogues: A Review of Their Use as Drugs of Abuse, Toxicological Aspects and Bioanalytical Approaches. Ketamine: History, Uses and Health Effects, Nova Publisher."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, J.H., and Dargan, P.I. (2016). Arylcyclohexamines (Ketamine, Phencyclidine, and Analogues). Critical Care Toxicology, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20790-2_124-1"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00266","article-title":"DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Phencyclidine (PCP)","volume":"9","author":"Bertron","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_238","unstructured":"Journey, J.D., and Bentley, T.P. (2021, December 10). Phencyclidine Toxicity, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK507865\/."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2017.1333660","article-title":"Beyond Ketamine and Phencyclidine: Analytically Confirmed Use of Multiple Novel Arylcyclohexylamines","volume":"49","author":"Thornton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-018-1901-x","article-title":"Murdered while under the influence of 3-MeO-PCP","volume":"133","author":"Kintz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"key":"ref_241","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Justice (2021, November 29). Ketamine, Available online: https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-06\/Ketamine-2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_242","unstructured":"(2019). FDA approves new nasal spray medication for treatment-resistant depression; available only at a certified doctor\u2019s office or clinic. Case Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2013.803647","article-title":"Methoxetamine (MXE)\u2014A Phenomenological Study of Experiences Induced by a \u201cLegal High\u201d from the Internet","volume":"45","author":"Kjellgren","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327113514100","article-title":"The evolving high: New designer drugs of abuse","volume":"33","author":"Pourmand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108619","article-title":"R (\u2212)-methoxetamine exerts rapid and sustained antidepressant effects and fewer behavioral side effects relative to S (+)-methoxetamine","volume":"193","author":"Botanas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18295","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018295","article-title":"Intoxication with 3-MeO-PCP alone","volume":"98","author":"Berar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_247","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021, December 09). Depressants 2019. Available online: https:\/\/wdr.unodc.org\/wdr2019\/en\/depressants.html."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2819","article-title":"Automated high-throughput analysis of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol in dried blood spots","volume":"12","author":"Angelova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000465","article-title":"Acute Intoxications and Fatalities from Illicit Fentanyl and Analogues: An Update","volume":"40","author":"Pichini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000612","article-title":"Global strategy for New Psychoactive Substances: An update","volume":"33","author":"Vicknasingam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.10.016","article-title":"Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids: A comprehensive review","volume":"134","author":"Armenian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.05.042","article-title":"Abuse of fentanyl: An emerging problem to face","volume":"289","author":"Grzonkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.08.010","article-title":"The Fentanyl Story","volume":"15","author":"Stanley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00393a017","article-title":"Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 1-substituted 4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine derivatives having narcotic agonist and antagonist activity","volume":"30","author":"Natsuka","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00246a014","article-title":"1-Substituted 4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine derivatives and their analgesic activities. 1","volume":"18","author":"Natsuka","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_256","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2014). EMCDDA-Europol Joint Report on a New Psychoactive Substance: 1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine (\u2018MT-45\u2019)."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2016.08.445","article-title":"Novel Synthetic Opioids: An Opioid Epidemic Within an Opioid Epidemic","volume":"69","author":"Lucyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1","article-title":"Increases in Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths-United States, 2010\u20132015","volume":"65","author":"Rudd","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_259","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021, December 03). The Growing Complexity of the Opioid Crisis. Global Smart Update. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/Global_SMART-2020-Vol_24_web.pdf."},{"key":"ref_260","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021, December 19). Recommended Methods for The Identification and Analysis of Fentanyl and Its Analogues in Biological Specimens. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/scientists\/recommended-methods-for-the-identification-and-analysis-of-fentanyl-and-its-analogues-in-biological-specimens.html."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.06.010","article-title":"New synthetic opioids: Part of a new addiction landscape","volume":"106","author":"Karila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00110","article-title":"An Expanding World of Novel Psychoactive Substances: Opioids","volume":"8","author":"Zawilska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2018_149","article-title":"Synthetic opioids","volume":"252","author":"Beardsley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lovrecic, B., Lovrecic, M., Gabrovec, B., Carli, M., Pacini, M., Maremmani, A.G.I., and Maremmani, I. (2019). Non-Medical Use of Novel Synthetic Opioids: A New Challenge to Public Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020177"},{"key":"ref_265","unstructured":"United States Drug Enforcement Administration (2021, December 19). Oxycodone, Available online: https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/factsheets\/oxycodone."},{"key":"ref_266","unstructured":"(2021, December 12). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction and Europol EMCDDA-Europol Joint Report on a New Psychoactive Substance: AH-7921 3,4-dichloro-N-((1-(dimethylamiono)cyclohexyl))methyl)menzamide. Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/joint-report\/AH-7921_en."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.05.022","article-title":"Motives, diversion and routes of administration associated with nonmedical use of prescription opioids","volume":"32","author":"McCabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_268","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021, December 19). Fentanyl Drug Profile, Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/drug-profiles\/fentanyl#use."},{"key":"ref_269","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Addiction (2021, December 07). New Psychoactive Substances: Global Markets, Global Threats and the COVID-19 Pandemic. An Update from the EU Early Warning System, Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/rapid-communication\/new-psychoactive-substances-global-markets-glocal-threats-and-covid-19-pandemic_en."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.06.450","article-title":"Rectal Insertion of Fentanyl Patches: A New Route of Toxicity","volume":"46","author":"Coon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_271","unstructured":"European Centre for Drug and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) (2021, December 19). Spotlight on\u2026 Fentanils and Other New Opioids, Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/spotlights\/fentanils-and-other-new-opioids_en."},{"key":"ref_272","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021, December 05). Europol EU Drug Markets Report 2019, Available online: www.emcdda.europa.eu."},{"key":"ref_273","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021, December 07). Data from the UNODC Early Warning Advisory on New Psychoactive Substances. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/scientists\/ewa\/data.html."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutfy, K. (2020). Opioid Crisis-An Emphasis on Fentanyl Analogs. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10080485"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1980.138","article-title":"Intravenous fentanyl kinetics","volume":"28","author":"McClain","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1586\/era.10.77","article-title":"Intranasal fentanyl: From pharmacokinetics and bioavailability to current treatment applications","volume":"10","author":"Panagiotou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1L168","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Intranasal Versus Intravenous Fentanyl in Patients with Pain after Oral Surgery","volume":"42","author":"Foster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_278","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Fentanyl Metabolism by Human Hepatic and Intestinal Cytochrome P450 3A4: Implications for Interindividual Variability in Disposition, Efficacy, and Drug Interactions","volume":"25","author":"Labroo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_279","first-page":"167","article-title":"Identification of Human Liver Cytochrome P-450 3A4 as the Enzyme Responsible for Fentanyl and Sufentanil N-Dealkylation","volume":"82","author":"Tateishi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.02.017","article-title":"Identification of human cytochrome P450 isozymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of carfentanil","volume":"343","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-017-0070-z","article-title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Metabolite Identification Studies for the New Synthetic Opioids Acetylfentanyl, Acrylfentanyl, Furanylfentanyl, and 4-Fluoro-Isobutyrylfentanyl","volume":"19","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2326","article-title":"Fatality involving ocfentanil documented by identification of metabolites","volume":"10","author":"Allibe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12216","article-title":"AH-7921: A new synthetic opioid of abuse","volume":"34","author":"Coppola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000324","article-title":"Misuse of Novel Synthetic Opioids: A Deadly New Trend","volume":"11","author":"Prekupec","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"ref_285","first-page":"144","article-title":"Structure activity studies of two classes of beta-amino-amides: The search for kappa-selective opioids","volume":"90","author":"Loew","year":"1988","journal-title":"NIDA Res. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_286","first-page":"709","article-title":"Analysis of Novel Synthetic Opioids U-47700, U-50488 and Furanyl Fentanyl by LC-MS\/MS in Postmortem Casework","volume":"40","author":"Mohr","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108110","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of the synthetic opioid MT-45","volume":"171","author":"Bilel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frisoni, P., Bacchio, E., Bilel, S., Talarico, A., Gaudio, R.M., Barbieri, M., Neri, M., and Marti, M. (2018). Novel Synthetic Opioids: The Pathologist\u2019s Point of View. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8090170"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.021","article-title":"Post-mortem review of fentanyl-related overdose deaths among identified drug users in Southern Bavaria, Germany, 2005\u20132014","volume":"180","author":"Sinicina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1303141","article-title":"Intoxications involving acrylfentanyl and other novel designer fentanyls\u2013results from the Swedish STRIDA project","volume":"55","author":"Helander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1054505","article-title":"Opioid intoxications involving butyrfentanyl, 4-fluorobutyrfentanyl, and fentanyl from the Swedish STRIDA project","volume":"53","author":"Beck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.11.025","article-title":"Acute severe intoxication with cyclopropylfentanyl, a novel synthetic opioid","volume":"320","author":"Wilde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S276","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12953","article-title":"Fatal Intoxication with Acetyl Fentanyl","volume":"61","author":"Cunningham","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.07.005","article-title":"Ocfentanil overdose fatality in the recreational drug scene","volume":"266","author":"Coopman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.05.010","article-title":"Acrylfentanyl: Another new psychoactive drug with fatal consequences","volume":"277","author":"Guerrieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.11.036","article-title":"Multiple fatalities in the North of England associated with synthetic fentanyl analogue exposure: Detection and quantitation a case series from early 2017","volume":"282","author":"Hikin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx109","article-title":"A Series of Deaths Involving Carfentanil in the UK and Associated Post-mortem Blood Concentrations","volume":"42","author":"Elliott","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku057","article-title":"Fatal Intoxications Associated with the Designer Opioid AH-7921","volume":"38","author":"Kronstrand","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1984","article-title":"The first reported fatality associated with the synthetic opioid 3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methylbenzamide (U-47700) and implications for forensic analysis","volume":"8","author":"Elliott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15174","article-title":"Acute skin and hair symptoms followed by severe, delayed eye complications in subjects using the synthetic opioid MT-45","volume":"176","author":"Helander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.04.003","article-title":"Two fatalities associated with synthetic opioids: AH-7921 and MT-45","volume":"277","author":"Fels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw012","article-title":"Analysis of MT-45, a Novel Synthetic Opioid, in Human Whole Blood by LC\u2013MS-MS and Its Identification in a Drug-Related Death","volume":"40","author":"Papsun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2017.04.001","article-title":"New psychoactive substances of natural origin: A brief review","volume":"25","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2021-0196","article-title":"Overview of the major classes of new psychoactive substances, psychoactive effects, analytical determination and conformational analysis of selected illegal drugs","volume":"19","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"ref_305","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021, November 18). Early Warning Advisory on New Psychoactive Substances. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/LSS\/SubstanceGroup\/Details\/4b17fe10-91da-477c-bc3d-593136040668."},{"key":"ref_306","first-page":"137","article-title":"Chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of khat (catha edulis forsk): A review","volume":"3","author":"Wabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict. Heal."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.001","article-title":"Pattern of use and subjective effects of Salvia divinorum among recreational users","volume":"85","author":"Riba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0202-2","article-title":"Here Today, Gone Tomorrow. and Back Again? A Review of Herbal Marijuana Alternatives (K2, Spice), Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts), Kratom, Salvia divinorum, Methoxetamine, and Piperazines","volume":"8","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2017.02.001","article-title":"A unique natural selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist, salvinorin A, and its roles in human therapeutics","volume":"137","author":"Cruz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.4155\/bio-2016-0067","article-title":"Salvia divinorum: Toxicological aspects and analysis in human biological specimens","volume":"8","author":"Margalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000621","article-title":"Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): Worldwide issues","volume":"33","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_312","first-page":"9704","article-title":"Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa korth) for a new medicinal: A review of pharmacological and compound analysis","volume":"11","author":"Firmansyah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.05.016","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine, a major analgesic alkaloid in kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Ya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_314","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxic effects of BZP-based herbal party pills in humans: A prospective study in Christchurch, New Zealand","volume":"118","author":"Gee","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_315","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity of BZP-based herbal party pills: A New Zealand case report","volume":"119","author":"Alansari","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3109\/15563651003592948","article-title":"Multiorgan failure from 1-benzylpiperazine ingestion legal high or lethal high","volume":"48","author":"Gee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_317","first-page":"406","article-title":"Acute psychosis following ingestion of \u2018Rapture\u2019","volume":"12","author":"Austin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Australas. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-15702","article-title":"T\u00f6dliches hirn\u00f6dem nach einnahme von ecstasy und benzylpiperazin","volume":"126","author":"Balmelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dtsch. Medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e318170a879","article-title":"Acute chlorophenylpiperazine overdose: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Kovaleva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650802307602","article-title":"Toxicity from the recreational use of 1-benzylpiperazine","volume":"46","author":"Gee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2012.683437","article-title":"Methoxetamine associated reversible cerebellar toxicity: Three cases with analytical confirmation","volume":"50","author":"Shields","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/8\/4869\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:55:32Z","timestamp":1760136932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/8\/4869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]]},"references-count":321,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19084869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19084869","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]]}}}