{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T15:29:55Z","timestamp":1773502195875,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tobacco consumption during pregnancy is a serious public health problem due to its negative effects on fetal development and on pregnant women\u2019s health and well-being. Thus, it is of utmost importance to plan and implement smoking cessation interventions, to prevent the negative impact of this risk factor, namely on children\u2019s health and development. This cross-sectional study aimed at exploring the perceptions and beliefs about the usefulness of smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy, in a sample of pregnant Portuguese women. The smoking use by pregnant women, as well as the risk factors associated with tobacco smoking during pregnancy, were also analyzed. The sample included 247 pregnant Portuguese women aged between 18\u201343-years-old (M = 30.30, SD = 5.02): 42.5% never smoked, 18.3% quit smoking before pregnancy, 19.0% quit smoking after getting pregnant and 20.2% were current smokers. The pregnant Portuguese women who smoked during pregnancy (current smokers or who quit smoking after getting pregnant) were mostly single or divorced, with lower education levels, showed a higher prevalence of clinically significant anxiety symptoms, and perceived smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy as less useful when compared to women who never smoked or quit smoking prior pregnancy. Daily or weekly smoking cessation interventions, implemented by health professionals such as doctors, nurses, or psychologists are the ones perceived as the most useful for pregnant women. These findings provide important clues for the planning of smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy, highlighting the domains that should be carefully monitored by health professionals. Specific strategies should also be used by health professionals to promote smoking cessation considering the demands of pregnancy and postpartum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T08:50:51Z","timestamp":1653814251000},"page":"6595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Tobacco Smoking during Pregnancy: Women\u2019s Perception about the Usefulness of Smoking Cessation Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Rita","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Portucalense Institute for Human Development (INPP), Portucalense University, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-0216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portucalense Institute for Human Development (INPP), Portucalense University, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8200-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portucalense Institute for Human Development (INPP), Portucalense University, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mateus","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portucalense Institute for Human Development (INPP), Portucalense University, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9221-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Baena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eHealth Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3036-2670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portucalense Institute for Human Development (INPP), Portucalense University, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, March 20). World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/255874."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, March 20). World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/326043\/9789241516204-eng.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonnie, R.J., Stratton, K., and Kwan, L.Y. (2015). Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products, National Academies Press, Institute of Medicine.","DOI":"10.17226\/18997"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2021-056535","article-title":"Evolution of the Global Smoking Epidemic Over the Past Century: Strengthening the Evidence Base for Policy Action","volume":"31","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e769","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30223-7","article-title":"National, Regional, and Global Prevalence of Smoking during Pregnancy in the General Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Lange","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, B., Figueiredo, B., Pinto, T.M., and M\u00edguez, M.C. (2020). Effects of Tobacco Consumption and Anxiety or Depression during Pregnancy on Maternal and Neonatal Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218138"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"e032449","article-title":"Interventions for Pregnant Women who use Tobacco and Other Substances: A systematic Review Protocol","volume":"9","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. Open"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, March 20). World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/66799."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21128","article-title":"The Effects of Nicotine on Human Fetal Development","volume":"108","author":"Holbrook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part C Embryo Today Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjc.2018.09.001","article-title":"Smoking Cessation Strategies in Pregnancy: Current Concepts and Controversies","volume":"60","author":"Ioakeimidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hell. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"46","article-title":"Management of Smoking in Pregnant Women","volume":"43","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"709","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking-threat From First Days of Life","volume":"65","author":"Gajewska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Przeglad Lek."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0740-7","article-title":"Prevalence and Predictors of Maternal Smoking Prior to and during Pregnancy in a Regional Danish Population: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"16","author":"Backhausen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30149-3","article-title":"Smoking Cessation Strategies in Pregnancy","volume":"37","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medici.2016.02.003","article-title":"Smoking during Pregnancy in Association with Maternal Emotional Well-being","volume":"52","author":"Jusiene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.3.3.242","article-title":"A Descriptive Model of the Cigarette Epidemic in Developed Countries","volume":"3","author":"Lopez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2019.02.010","article-title":"Daily Tobacco Consumption and Associated Socioeconomic Factors in the Portuguese Population: National Health Interview Survey data 1987\u20132014","volume":"38","author":"Leite","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2022, March 21). La Vanguardia. Available online: https:\/\/www.lavanguardia.com\/vida\/20170210\/414219507222\/mitad-mujeres-fuman-embarazadas.html."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt026","article-title":"Long-term Maintenance of Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy: An Analysis of the Birth Cohort, Generation XXI","volume":"15","author":"Alves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107090","article-title":"Tobacco Consumption from the 1st Trimester of Pregnancy to 7 Months Postpartum: Effects of Previous Tobacco Consumption, and Depression and Anxiety Symptoms","volume":"124","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.014","article-title":"The Interaction of Sociodemographic Risk Factors and Measures of Nicotine Dependence in Predicting Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy","volume":"198","author":"Bucholz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Samet, J.M., Yoon, S.Y., and World Health Organization (2010). Gender, Women, and the Tobacco Epidemic, WHO Press."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3109\/02813432.2013.869409","article-title":"Smoking during pregnancy: Childbirth and health study in primary care in Iceland","volume":"32","author":"Erlingsdottir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Prim. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102292","article-title":"Night Shift Work at Specific age Ranges and Chronic Disease Risk Factors","volume":"72","author":"Ramin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22700","article-title":"Factors Associated with Employment Status Before and during Pregnancy: Implications for Studies of Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"60","author":"Rocheleau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.10.041","article-title":"Life course Influences on Women\u2019s Smoking before, during and after Pregnancy","volume":"70","author":"Graham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"7","article-title":"Smoking Prevalence and Cessation before and during Pregnancy: Data from the Birth Certificate, 2014","volume":"65","author":"Sally","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natl. Vital Stat. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnn.2007.01.002","article-title":"Social Attitudes towards Smoking in Pregnancy in East Surrey: A qualitative study of smokers, former smokers and non-smokers","volume":"13","author":"Bull","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neonatal Nurs."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6522a6","article-title":"Smoking Cessation* during Pregnancy-46 States and the District of Columbia, 2014","volume":"65","author":"Mathews","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del432","article-title":"Social Support during Pregnancy: Effects on Maternal Depressive Symptoms, Smoking and Pregnancy Outcome","volume":"22","author":"Elsenbruch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.11.006","article-title":"Psychosocial Problems and Continued Smoking during Pregnancy","volume":"34","author":"Goedhart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/13625180802027993","article-title":"Who Smokes during Pregnancy? A Systematic Literature Review of Population-based Surveys Conducted in Developed Countries between 1997 and 2006","volume":"13","author":"Schneider","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2016.1205073","article-title":"Depression, Anxiety and Tobacco use: Overlapping Impediments to Sleep in a National Sample of College","volume":"64","author":"Boehm","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw140","article-title":"The Association of Cigarette Smoking with Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review","volume":"19","author":"Fluharty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-011-0217-3","article-title":"Anxiety and Depression in Women and Men from Early Pregnancy to 3 Months Postpartum","volume":"14","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e765","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.32","article-title":"The Effects of Maternal Anxiety during Pregnancy on IGF2\/H19 Methylation in Cord Blood","volume":"6","author":"Mansell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-019-01308-y","article-title":"Continued Tobacco Consumption during Pregnancy and Women\u2019s Depression and Anxiety Symptoms","volume":"64","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-05072-8","article-title":"Drinking or Smoking While Breastfeeding and Later Developmental Health Outcomes in Children","volume":"13","author":"Gibson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"2","article-title":"Low Cigarette Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke: Meta-analysis of 141 Cohort Studies in 55 Study","volume":"360","author":"Hackshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"C\u00f3rdoba, R., and Samitier, E. (2009). 50 Mitos del Tabaco, Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n, Departamento de Salud y Consumo."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13533","article-title":"The Effect of Prenatal Smoking Exposure on Daily Smoking among Teenage Offspring","volume":"112","author":"Koskela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2009.01084.x","article-title":"Health Care Providers\u2019 Engagement in Smoking Cessation with Pregnant Smokers","volume":"39","author":"Okoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13387","article-title":"A Mixed-method Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Mental Health Professionals\u2019 Attitudes toward Smoking and Smoking Cessation among People with Mental Illnesses","volume":"111","author":"Sheals","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00540.x","article-title":"Shape of the Relapse Curve and Long-term Abstinence among Untreated Smokers","volume":"99","author":"Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp09X454007","article-title":"Factors influencing European GPs\u2019 Engagement in Smoking Cessation: A Multi-country Literature Review","volume":"59","author":"Stead","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"590","article-title":"Non-pharmacological Management of Smoking Cessation during Pregnancy-CNGOF-SFT Expert Report and Guidelines for Smoking Management during Pregnancy","volume":"48","author":"Peyronnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Fertil. Senol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692010000400021","article-title":"Factors Associated with Smoking in Pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Motta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Lat. Am. De Enferm."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P.R., and Jacobs, G.A. (1983). Manual for the State-trait Anxiety Inventory. STAI (Form Y). Self-Evaluation Questionaire, Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"85","article-title":"Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o do State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)- Form Y para a Popula\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa: Primeiros dados","volume":"32","author":"Santos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Port. De Psicol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-019-02237-2","article-title":"Prevalence of Anxiety in Patients with an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator: Measurement Equivalence of the HADS-A and the STAI-S","volume":"28","author":"Emons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2015.1051511","article-title":"Short STAI-Y Anxiety Scales: Validation and Normative Data for Elderly Subjects","volume":"20","author":"Bergua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"791","article-title":"Measuring the Heaviness of Smoking: Using Self-reported Time to the First Cigarette of the day and Number of Cigarettes Smoked per day","volume":"84","author":"Heatherton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Soc. Study Addict."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)90158-9","article-title":"Predicting Smoking Cessation with Self-reported Measures of Nicotine Dependence: FTQ, FTND, and HSI","volume":"34","author":"Kozlowski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220031000158708","article-title":"A Comparison of Self-report Measures of Nicotine Dependence among Male Drug\/Alcohol-dependent Cigarette Smokers","volume":"5","author":"Burling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(02)00264-2","article-title":"Exploring Brief Measures of Nicotine Dependence for Epidemiological Surveys","volume":"28","author":"Diaz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.02.001","article-title":"Comparison of Heavy Smoking Index and of Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence in a Sample of 749 Smokers","volume":"30","author":"Chabrol","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa257","article-title":"Changes in Tobacco use during the 2020 COVID-19 Lockdown in New Zealand","volume":"23","author":"Gendall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7439.575","article-title":"Special groups of smokers","volume":"328","author":"Coleman","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"e026336","article-title":"Fertility Rates and the Oostponement of First Births: A Descriptive Study with Finnish Population Data","volume":"9","author":"Roustaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. Open"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.10.013","article-title":"Predictors of Smoking Cessation: A Longitudinal Study in a Large Cohort of Smokers","volume":"132","author":"Holm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.11.1589","article-title":"What Happens to Anxiety Levels on Giving up Smoking?","volume":"154","author":"West","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.7202\/008821ar","article-title":"Les Troubles Anxieux Sont-ils Associ\u00e9s \u00e0 un Tabagisme particulier? Stress-anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et Tabagisme","volume":"29","author":"Khazaal","year":"2004","journal-title":"St. Ment. Au Qu\u00e9bec"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffiths, S.E., Naughton, F., and Brown, K.E. (2021). Accessing Specialist Support to Stop Smoking in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study Exploring Engagement with UK-based stop Smoking Services. Br. J. Health Psychol., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12574"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14722","article-title":"Indicators of Cigarette Smoking Dependence and Relapse in Former Smokers who Vape Compared with Those who do not: Findings from the 2016 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey","volume":"114","author":"McNeill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Study Addict."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2009.00103.x","article-title":"Postgraduate Education for Doctors in Smoking Cessation","volume":"28","author":"Zwar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-2011.2011.00072.x","article-title":"Midwives\u2019 perceptions of providing stop-smoking advice and pregnant smokers\u2019 perceptions of stop-smoking services within the same deprived area of London","volume":"57","author":"Herberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"25","article-title":"The Physician as Leader","volume":"9","author":"Carsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"McGill J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5244","article-title":"Postpartum Smoking Relapse After Quitting during Pregnancy: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2000\u20132011","volume":"25","author":"Rockhill","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntn010","article-title":"The Accuracy of Self-reported Smoking: A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Self-reported and Cotinino-assessed Smoking Status","volume":"11","author":"Gorber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Res. Nicotine Tob."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15526-y","article-title":"Validation of Self-reported Smoking with Urinary Cotinine Levels and Influence of Second-hand Smoke among Conscripts","volume":"7","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/11\/6595\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:20:33Z","timestamp":1760138433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/11\/6595"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19116595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19116595","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]}}}