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This study estimates the prevalence of ACEs in children, addressing associated sociodemographic characteristics and examining the relationship of ACEs with the child\u2019s health and behaviors. We used information on 5295 participants at 10 years old, of the birth cohort Generation XXI, established in Porto, Portugal. Children answered a self-administered questionnaire on ACEs, based on the original ACEs study. Principal component analysis was used to group correlated ACEs, and a score was computed to assess their cumulative effect. Overall, 96.2% of children reported having been exposed to at least one ACE. The most prevalent ACE was a household member shouting, yelling, or screaming at the child (57.7%). Boys were more likely than girls to report \u201cabuse\u201d, \u201cschool problems\u201d, and \u201cdeath\/severe disease\u201d. Low parental education, income, and unemployment were associated with an increased risk of \u201cschool problems\u201d, \u201cdeath\/severe disease\u201d, and \u201chousehold dysfunction\u201d. We observed that the dimensions of ACEs could be identified at 10 years of age. A disadvantaged socioeconomic environment was associated with dimensions of ACEs. These data illustrate the natural history of dimensions of ACEs and their potential social patterning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T11:37:08Z","timestamp":1657280228000},"page":"8344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences in the First Decade of Life: A Study in the Portuguese Cohort, Generation XXI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7996-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EPI Unit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Armine","family":"Abrahamyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPI Unit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPI Unit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPI Unit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5268-7751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPI Unit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1609","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences reported by adults-five states, 2009","volume":"59","author":"Bynum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sethi, D., Yon, Y., Parekh, N., Anderson, T., Huber, J., Rakovac, I., and Meinck, F. (2018). European Status Report on Preventing Child Maltreatment, World Health Organization.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30280-3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/21683603.2018.1548397","article-title":"Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences in school-aged youth: A systematic review (1990\u20132015)","volume":"8","author":"Carlson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sch. Educ. 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