{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T05:13:35Z","timestamp":1762060415548,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["733032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["733032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diisocyanates have long been a leading cause of occupational asthma in Europe, and recently, they have been subjected to a restriction under the REACH regulations. As part of the European Human Biomonitoring project (HBM4EU), we present a study protocol designed to assess occupational exposure to diisocyanates in five European countries. The objectives of the study are to assess exposure in a number of sectors that have not been widely reported on in the past (for example, the manufacturing of large vehicles, such as in aerospace; the construction sector, where there are potentially several sources of exposure (e.g., sprayed insulation, floor screeds); the use of MDI-based glues, and the manufacture of spray adhesives or coatings) to test the usability of different biomarkers in the assessment of exposure to diisocyanates and to provide background data for regulatory purposes. The study will collect urine samples (analysed for diisocyanate-derived diamines and acetyl\u2013MDI\u2013lysine), blood samples (analysed for diisocyanate-specific IgE and IgG antibodies, inflammatory markers, and diisocyanate-specific Hb adducts for MDI), and buccal cells (micronucleus analysis) and measure fractional exhaled nitric oxide. In addition, occupational hygiene measurements (air monitoring and skin wipe samples) and questionnaire data will be collected. The protocol is harmonised across the participating countries to enable pooling of data, leading to better and more robust insights and recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T11:22:24Z","timestamp":1658316144000},"page":"8811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["HBM4EU Diisocyanates Study\u2014Research Protocol for a Collaborative European Human Biological Monitoring Study on Occupational Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health & Safety Executive, Buxton SK17 9JN, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9540-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen S.","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK"}]},{"given":"Bernice","family":"Scholten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), NL-3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Loikala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Ty\u00f6terveyslaitos, FI-00032 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Simo P.","family":"Porras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Ty\u00f6terveyslaitos, FI-00032 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Radia","family":"Bousoumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Research and Safety Institute, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-2465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Ndaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Research and Safety Institute, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Leese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health & Safety Executive, Buxton SK17 9JN, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriqueta","family":"Louro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6060-0716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4764-8835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lode","family":"Godderis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4105-5126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelle","family":"Verdonck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4397-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrien","family":"Poels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8226-9227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"G\u04e7en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational (IPASUM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9350-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu-Corneliu","family":"Duca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Unit Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9 (LNS), 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8150-4985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiina","family":"Santonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Ty\u00f6terveyslaitos, FI-00032 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"name":"HBM4EU Diisocyanates Study 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