{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T05:13:59Z","timestamp":1762060439862,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COST Action","award":["CA16207","UIDB\/05210\/2020","KKP126835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA16207","UIDB\/05210\/2020","KKP126835"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA16207","UIDB\/05210\/2020","KKP126835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA16207","UIDB\/05210\/2020","KKP126835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["CA16207","UIDB\/05210\/2020","KKP126835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA16207","UIDB\/05210\/2020","KKP126835"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This cross-sectional study aimed to explore specific online behaviours and their association with a range of underlying psychological and other behavioural factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eight countries (Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Lithuania, Portugal, Japan, Hungary, and Brazil) participated in an international investigation involving 2223 participants (M = 33 years old; SD = 11), 70% of whom were females. Participants were surveyed for specific type of Internet use severity, appearance anxiety, self-compassion, and image and use of performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs). Results were compared cross-culturally. The mean time spent online was 5 h (SD = \u00b13) of daily browsing during the pandemic. The most commonly performed activities included social networking, streaming, and general surfing. A strong association between these online behaviours and appearance anxiety, self-compassion, and IPEDs use was found after adjustment for possible confounders, with higher scores being associated with specific online activities. Significant cross-cultural differences also emerged in terms of the amount of time spent online during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T11:22:24Z","timestamp":1658316144000},"page":"8823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Online Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Associations with Psychological Factors: An International Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3928-2151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julius","family":"Burkauskas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 00135 Palanga, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Fineberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"},{"name":"Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO40 2RZ, UK"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Chamberlain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"},{"name":"Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO40 2RZ, UK"}]},{"given":"Henrietta","family":"Bowden-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5003-3300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inga","family":"Griskova-Bulanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Aiste","family":"Pranckeviciene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 00135 Palanga, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4595-9816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artemisa","family":"Dores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7981-4442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Simonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK"}]},{"given":"Rosin","family":"Mooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0095-2194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, 37002 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5604-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsolt","family":"Demetrovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar GX11 1AA, Gibraltar"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"\u00c1bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2788-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attila","family":"Szabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Hironobu","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Ethics and Society Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Saitama 103-0027, Japan"},{"name":"General Research Division, Research Center on Ethical, Legal and Social Issues, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}]},{"given":"Mami","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Melero-Ventola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, 37002 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9087-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Arroyo-Anll\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology, Neuroscience Institute of Castilla-Le\u00f3n, University of Salamanca, 37002 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Santos-Labrador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, University Teacher\u2019s College \u2018Fray Luis de Le\u00f3n\u2019, 47010 Valladolid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8058-3426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Di Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychometrics, Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7292-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Martinotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7371-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ornella","family":"Corazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.08.004","article-title":"Manifesto for a European research network into Problematic Usage of the Internet","volume":"28","author":"Fineberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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