{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T21:04:49Z","timestamp":1774645489308,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCIF\/SSO\/0090\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/SSO\/0090\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Occupational exposure as a firefighter is a complex activity that continuously exposes subjects to several health hazards including fire emissions during firefighting. Firefighters are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), known as toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic compounds, by inhalation, dermal contact, and ingestion. In this work, a literature overview of firefighters\u2019 dermal exposure to PAHs after firefighting and data retrieved from skin in vitro\/in vivo studies related to their dermal absorption, bioavailability, and associated toxicological and carcinogenic effects are reviewed. The evidence demonstrates the contamination of firefighters\u2019 skin with PAHs, mainly on the neck (2.23\u201362.50 ng\/cm2), wrists (0.37\u20138.30 ng\/cm2), face (2.50\u20134.82 ng\/cm2), and hands (1.59\u20134.69 ng\/cm2). Concentrations of possible\/probable carcinogens (0.82\u201333.69 ng\/cm2), including benzopyrene isomers, were found on firefighters\u2019 skin. PAHs penetrate the skin tissues, even at low concentrations, by absorption and\/or diffusion, and are locally metabolized and distributed by the blood route to other tissues\/organs. Lighter PAHs presented increased dermal permeabilities and absorption rates than heavier compounds. Topical PAHs activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and promote the enzymatic generation of reactive intermediates that may cause protein and\/or DNA adducts. Future research should include in vitro\/in vivo assays to perform a more realistic health risk assessment and to explore the contribution of dermal exposure to PAHs total internal dose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T22:19:27Z","timestamp":1665267567000},"page":"12677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Exposure to PAHs during Firefighting Activities: A Review on Skin Levels, In Vitro\/In Vivo Bioavailability, and Health Risks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9829-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8094-5877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Delerue-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5763-7553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESPU-Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada em Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6433-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5917-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QAEHS-Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8803-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4150-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide, WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.052","article-title":"Children environmental exposure to particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and biomonitoring in school environments: A review on indoor and outdoor exposure levels, major sources and health impacts","volume":"124","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Yang, L., Zhang, H., Xing, W., Wang, Y., Bai, P., Zhang, L., Hayakawa, K., Toriba, A., and Wei, Y. (2021). 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