{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T04:39:25Z","timestamp":1768451965788,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"H&amp;TRC\u2014Health &amp; Technology Research Center","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"H&amp;TRC\u2014Health &amp; Technology Research Center","award":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"]}]},{"name":"ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade","award":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","award":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"]}]},{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health","award":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Public Health Research Centre","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Public Health Research Centre","award":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa","award":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory abnormalities among workers at coffee roasting and packaging facilities have already been reported; however, little is known about microbiological contamination inside coffee production facilities. This study intends to assess the microbial contamination (fungi and bacteria) in two coffee industries from Brazil with a multi-approach protocol for sampling and for subsequent analyses using four main sources of samples: filtering respiratory protection devices (FRPD) used by workers, settled dust, electrostatic dust cloths (EDC) and coffee beans. The fungal contamination in the assessed industries was also characterized through the molecular detection of toxigenic species and antifungal resistance. Total bacteria contamination presented the highest values in FRPD collected from both industries (7.45 \u00d7 104 CFU\u00b7m\u22122; 1.09 \u00d7 104 CFU\u00b7m\u22122). Aspergillus genera was widespread in all the environmental samples collected and sections with clinical relevance (Fumigati) and with toxigenic potential (Nigri and Circumdati) were recovered from FRPD. Circumdati section was observed in 4 mg\/mL itraconazole. Sections Circumdati (EDC, coffee beans and settled dust) and Nidulantes (EDC, coffee beans and FRPD) were detected by qPCR. Some of the targeted Aspergillus sections that have been identified microscopically were not detected by qPCR and vice-versa. Overall, this study revealed that microbial contamination is a potential occupational risk in the milling stage and should be tackled when assessing exposure and performing risk assessment. In addition, a multi-sampling campaign should be the approach to follow when assessing microbial contamination and FRPD should be included in this campaign. Occupational exposure to mycotoxins should be considered due to high fungal diversity and contamination. A One Health approach should address these issues in order to prevent consumption of coffee crops and beans infected by fungi and, more specifically, to avoid widespread azole resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T21:18:02Z","timestamp":1666127882000},"page":"13488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Microbial Contamination in the Coffee Industry: An Occupational Menace besides a Food Safety Concern?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1545-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H & TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-6072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H & TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3463-9630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37203-202, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2704-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H & TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5990-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H & TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2188-9318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H & TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anita Quintal","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H & TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1496-2609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana Aranha","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H & TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.uLisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4165-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Carolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H & TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ednilton Tavares","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37203-202, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H & TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ICO (2022, June 22). 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