{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T13:15:42Z","timestamp":1772889342364,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Presenteeism negatively affects worker performance. We aimed to know the prevalence of presenteeism in non-academic university staff, identify health problems and associated factors, as well as explore the reasons that led to presenteeism during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 332 non-academic staff. The Portuguese version of the Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6) was used, and socio-demographic and occupational data were collected. Participants were divided into groups according to the presenteeism cut-off score (no presenteeists, presenteeists with high job performance, presenteeists with low job performance). Multinomial regression was used to identify occupational and demographic characteristics associated with presenteeism. An open question replies analysis made it possible to explore the reasons for going to work while sick. Presenteeism was experienced by 30.1%. Presenteeism with high job performance was not associated with socio-demographic and work factors. Professionals who performed only physical work (OR = 9.4; 95% CI: 1.7; 51.0) and those who conducted hybrid work (OR = 4.1; 95% CI: 1.8; 9.6) showed a higher risk of belonging to the presenteeist group with low job performance. Financial reasons led professionals to work while sick. This study raises the importance of evaluating presenteeism in non-academic staff to create conditions for them to maintain high performance despite presenteeism and to intervene when there is low performance due to presenteeism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T02:32:01Z","timestamp":1668393121000},"page":"14966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Presenteeism in Non-Academic Staff in a Public University Context: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Reasons to Work While Sick during the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1854-1572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joselina","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6478-1008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing School of Porto, ESEP, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research\u2014CINTESIS@RISE, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/job.630","article-title":"Presenteeism in the workplace: A review and research agenda","volume":"31","author":"Johns","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"49","article-title":"Presenteeism: At work-but out of it","volume":"82","author":"Hemp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Harv. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"36","article-title":"The hidden costs of working when sick","volume":"30","author":"Miraglia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000015","article-title":"Going to work ill: A meta-analysis of the correlates of presenteeism and a dual-path model","volume":"21","author":"Miraglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Presenteeism as a global phenomenon: Unraveling the psychosocial mechanisms from the perspective of social cognitive theory","volume":"23","author":"Cooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cross Cult. Strateg. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726719827081","article-title":"The health-performance framework of presenteeism: Towards understanding an adaptive behaviour","volume":"73","author":"Biron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Relat."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"4059","article-title":"Working while ill is not always bad\u2013positive effects of Presenteeism","volume":"11","author":"Lohaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keramat, S.A., Alam, K., Gow, J., and Biddle, S.J. (2020). A longitudinal exploration of the relationship between obesity, and long term health condition with presenteeism in Australian workplaces, 2006\u20132018. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238260"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"10","article-title":"Presenteeism in the New Zealand senior medical workforce-a mixed-methods analysis","volume":"130","author":"Chambers","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.11.012","article-title":"Influenza-like illness and presenteeism among school employees","volume":"42","author":"Wiegand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, R.K., Liu, R., Karimullina, K., Hall, I., Amlot, R., and Rubin, G.J. (2019). A systematic review of infectious illness presenteeism: Prevalence, reasons and risk factors. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7138-x"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.04.008","article-title":"Working with influenza-like illness: Presenteeism among US health care personnel during the 2014\u20132015 influenza season","volume":"45","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723036","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.723036","article-title":"Sickness Presenteeism Among the Swedish Self-Employed During the Covid-19 Pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Vinberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00080","article-title":"The relationship between sedentary behavior, back pain, and psychosocial correlates among university employees","volume":"7","author":"Hanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, M.G., Peckham, T.K., and Seixas, N.S. (2020). Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.02.20030288"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002240","article-title":"Work and non-work sickness presenteeism: The role of workplace COVID-19 climate","volume":"63","author":"Probst","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinman, G., and Grant, C. (2021). Presenteeism during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risks and Solutions, Oxford University Press UK.","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa193"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surma, M.J., Nunes, R.J., Rook, C., and Loder, A. (2021). Assessing Employee Engagement in a Post-COVID-19 Workplace Ecosystem. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132011443"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuerdo-Vilches, T., Navas-Mart\u00edn, M.\u00c1., and Oteiza, I. (2021). Working from home: Is our housing ready?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147329"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001992","article-title":"Home-based telework and presenteeism across Europe","volume":"62","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12615","article-title":"Presenteeism in nurses: Comparative study of Spanish, Portuguese and Brazilian nurses","volume":"67","author":"Borges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Nurs. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"e60790","article-title":"Percep\u00e7\u00f5es e Viv\u00eancias de Enfermeiros sobre o seu Desempenho na Pandemia da COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"Vieira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Rene."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1080\/0309877X.2021.1986473","article-title":"\u2018Look after the staff and they would look after the students\u2019 cultures of wellbeing and mental health in the university setting","volume":"46","author":"Brewster","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Furth. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.5539\/ijbm.v11n9p148","article-title":"Job satisfaction among academic and non-academic staff in public universities in Malaysia: A review","volume":"11","author":"Nawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4038\/sljhrm.v11i2.5664","article-title":"Determinants of Presenteeism: A Study on Non-Academics in State Higher Educational Institutions in Sri Lanka","volume":"11","author":"Samarasinghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sri Lankan J. Hum. Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-020-00561-y","article-title":"COVID-19 and digital disruption in UK universities: Afflictions and affordances of emergency online migration","volume":"81","author":"Watermeyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e438","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001701","article-title":"Exhaustion and impaired work performance in the workplace: Associations with presenteeism and absenteeism","volume":"61","author":"Aboagye","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"253","article-title":"Validation into Portuguese language of presenteeism scales WLQ-8 and SPS-6","volume":"9","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200201000-00004","article-title":"Stanford presenteeism scale: Health status and employee productivity","volume":"44","author":"Koopman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2478\/10004-1254-65-2014-2462","article-title":"Are nurse presenteeism and patient safety culture associated: A cross-sectional study","volume":"65","author":"Brumen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arh. Za Hig. Rada I Toksikol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Bardin, L. (2016). An\u00e1lise de Conte\u00fado. 3\u00aa. reimp. da 1\u00aa, S\u00e3o Paulo: Edi\u00e7\u00f5es 70."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.06.005","article-title":"The consequences of sickness presenteeism on health and wellbeing over time: A systematic review","volume":"161","author":"Skagen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"43","article-title":"Presenteeism: A review and research directions","volume":"29","author":"Lohaus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.12.006","article-title":"The estimation and inclusion of presenteeism costs in applied economic evaluation: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Kigozi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3366\/soma.2014.0129","article-title":"Doing more with less? Work and wellbeing in academics","volume":"4","author":"Kinman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Somatechnics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417727535","article-title":"Perceived triggers of primary headache disorders: A meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Safety, E.A.F., and Work, H.A. (2018). Psychosocial Risks and Stress at Work, European Agency for Safety and Health at Work Bilbao. Available online: https:\/\/osha.europa.eu\/en\/themes\/psychosocial-risks-and-stress."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.13075\/ijomeh.1896.00588","article-title":"Association between psychosocial characteristics of work and presenteeism: A cross-sectional study","volume":"29","author":"Janssens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5339\/avi.2013.8","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators influencing the physical activity of Arabic adults: A literature review","volume":"2013","author":"Benjamin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avicenna"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"90","article-title":"Sa\u00fade dos enfermeiros: Presentismo e stress no trabalho","volume":"17","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Work. Conditions"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babapour Chafi, M., Hultberg, A., and Bozic Yams, N. (2022). Post-Pandemic Office Work: Perceived Challenges and Opportunities for a Sustainable Work Environment. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14010294"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uusiautti, S., Hyv\u00e4rinen, S., and Bj\u00f6rkman, S. (2021). The Mystery of Remote Communality: University Students\u2019 and Teachers\u2019 Perceptions during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Hum. Arenas, 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42087-021-00262-7"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rai\u0161ien\u0117, A.G., Rapuano, V., Varkulevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117, K., and Stachov\u00e1, K. (2020). Working from home\u2014Who is happy? A survey of Lithuania\u2019s employees during the COVID-19 quarantine period. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12135332"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moglia, M., Hopkins, J., and Bardoel, A. (2021). Telework, hybrid work and the United Nation\u2019s Sustainable Development Goals: Towards policy coherence. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202108.0013.v1"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Bloom, N. (2021). Hybrid is the Future of Work, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR). Available online: https:\/\/siepr.stanford.edu\/publications\/policy-brief\/hybrid-future-work."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12143","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12143","article-title":"Job insecurity is associated with presenteeism, but not with absenteeism: A study of 19 720 full-time waged workers in South Korea","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T., Shen, Y.-M., Zhu, M., Liu, Y., Deng, J., Chen, Q., and See, L.-C. (2016). Effects of co-worker and supervisor support on job stress and presenteeism in an aging workforce: A structural equation modelling approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13010072"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40557-018-0213-4","article-title":"Sick at work: Prevalence and determinants among healthcare workers, western Ethiopia: An institution based cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Environ. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/22\/14966\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:17:33Z","timestamp":1760145453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/22\/14966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192214966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192214966","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]}}}