{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T17:28:40Z","timestamp":1767374920181,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO)","award":["105 995","CEECINST\/00051\/2018","UIDB\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105 995","CEECINST\/00051\/2018","UIDB\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["105 995","CEECINST\/00051\/2018","UIDB\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105 995","CEECINST\/00051\/2018","UIDB\/05704\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT funding for ciTechCare","award":["105 995","CEECINST\/00051\/2018","UIDB\/05704\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105 995","CEECINST\/00051\/2018","UIDB\/05704\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ageing is frequently associated with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The present study aimed to identify the current medication management patterns and the profiles of home-dwelling older adults and to find any association with their conditions, including frailty and cognitive impairment. Within the scope of this cross-sectional study, 112 older adults living in the community were assessed via face-to-face structured interviews. Frailty, cognitive status, medication management and clinical and sociodemographic variables were evaluated. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated. The mean participant age was 76.6 \u00b1 7.1 years, 53.6% of participants were women, and 40.2% of participants lived alone. More than half were classified as having frailty (58.9%), almost one-fifth (19.6%) presented with a moderate cognitive impairment had more than one disease, and 60.7% were polymedicated. No associations were found between polymedication and medication self-management, the use of over-the-counter medications, living alone, having a poor understanding of pharmacological therapy and\/or pathology, or having more than one prescriber. Self-management was associated with age, the number of medications, frailty and cognitive status. Binary logistic regressions showed that cognitive impairment had statistically significant differences with medication management, having a poor understanding of pharmacological therapy and\/or pathology, having one prescriber and the use of medications not prescribed by physicians. Interventions to prevent medication-related problems in home-dwelling older adults are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T01:33:26Z","timestamp":1674005606000},"page":"1701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Patterns of Medication Management and Associated Medical and Clinical Features among Home-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in Central Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9035-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria dos Anjos","family":"Dixe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9207-4856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, 2800 Sion, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5375-3255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henk","family":"Verloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, 2800 Sion, Switzerland"},{"name":"Service of Old Age Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3523-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Meyer-Massetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, General Internal Medicine Clinic, University Hospital of Bern (Inselspital), 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8197-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica (INE) (2021). Estimativa Provis\u00f3ria Da Esperan\u00e7a de Vida Aos 65 Anos Para 2019\u20132021, Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"United Nations (2022, April 15). Ageing. Available online: https:\/\/www.unsecretariat.net\/sections\/issues-depth\/ageing\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fong, J.H. (2019). Disability incidence and functional decline among older adults with major chronic diseases. BMC Geriatr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1348-z"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, T., Fang, F., Li, F., Ren, Y., Hu, J., and Cao, J. (2020). Sarcopenia is associated with hypertension in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01672-y"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33232","article-title":"Estimated global cancer incidence in the oldest adults in 2018 and projections to 2050","volume":"148","author":"Pilleron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00198","article-title":"TReatment of diabetes in older adults: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"104","author":"Leroith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lozano-Hern\u00e1ndez, C.M., L\u00f3pez-Rodr\u00edguez, J.A., Leiva-Fern\u00e1ndez, F., Calder\u00f3n-Larra\u00f1aga, A., Barrio-Cortes, J., Gimeno-Feliu, L.A., Poblador-Plou, B., del Cura-Gonz\u00e1lez, I., and Multipap Group (2020). Social support, social context and nonadherence to treatment in young senior patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy followed-up in primary care. MULTIPAP Study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235148"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx150","article-title":"New horizons in multimorbidity in older adults","volume":"46","author":"Yarnall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). Medication Safety in Polypharmacy, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00641","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.641","article-title":"Medication-related problems and adverse drug reactions in Ethiopia: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Kefale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"30","article-title":"Multimorbidity in Portugal: Re-sults from the first national health examination survey","volume":"32","author":"Kislaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Med. Port."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-006-9046-2","article-title":"Inappropriate drug use by Portuguese elderly outpatients\u2014effect of the Beers\u00ae criteria update","volume":"28","author":"Martins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharm. World Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-016-0426-6","article-title":"Theory-Based Interventions to Improve Medication Adherence in Older Adults Prescribed Polypharmacy: A Systematic Review","volume":"34","author":"Patton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Buedingen, F., Hammer, M.S., Meid, A.D., M\u00fcller, W.E., Gerlach, F.M., and Muth, C. (2018). Changes in prescribed medicines in older patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy in general practice. BMC Fam. Pr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-018-0825-3"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, D., Placido, A.I., M\u00f3, R., Sim\u00f5es, J.L., Amaral, O., Fernandes, I., Lima, F., Morgado, M., Figueiras, A., and Herdeiro, M.T. (2019). Daily Medication Management and Adherence in the Polymedicated Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study in Portugal. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010200"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2015.12.002","article-title":"An intervention to maximize medication management by caregivers of persons with memory loss: Intervention overview and two-month outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Lingler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx162","article-title":"Frailty index as a predictor of mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Kojima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2013.827660","article-title":"Clinical consequences of polypharmacy in elderly","volume":"13","author":"Maher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masnoon, N., Shakib, S., Kalisch-Ellett, L., and Caughey, G.E. (2017). What is polypharmacy? A systematic review of definitions. BMC Geriatr., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0621-2"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S153458","article-title":"The epidemiology of polypharmacy in older adults: Register-based prospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Morin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Assen, M.A.L.M., Helmink, J.H.M., and Gobbens, R.J.J. (2022). Associations between lifestyle factors and multidimensional frailty: A cross-sectional study among community-dwelling older people. BMC Geriatr., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02704-x"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2017.09.004","article-title":"Frailty Screening and Interventions: Considerations for Clinical Practice Jeremy","volume":"34","author":"Walston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"433","article-title":"Clinical Interventions in Aging Dovepress R e v I e w Frailty syndrome: An overview","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review","volume":"60","author":"Collard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101588","article-title":"The Tilburg Frailty Indicator: A psychometric systematic review","volume":"76","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Adaptation and validation into Portuguese language of the six-item cognitive impairment test (6CIT)","volume":"22","author":"Paiva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12373","article-title":"Portuguese version of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator: Transcultural adaptation and psychometric validation","volume":"15","author":"Coelho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"693","article-title":"Multidimensional Frailty and Pain in Community Dwelling Elderly","volume":"18","author":"Coelho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"WHO (2022). ATC\/DDD Index 2022, WHO. Available in WHOCC\u2014ATC\/DDD Index."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Francisco Manuel dos Santos (2022). Limiar de Risco de Pobreza, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Francisco Manuel dos Santos. Available in PORDATA-Limiar de Risco de Pobreza."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.09.007","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in adherence to inhaled maintenance medications and clinical prognosis of COPD","volume":"119","author":"Lange","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"744","article-title":"Medication adherence and barriers among low-income, uninsured patients with multiple chronic conditions","volume":"15","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjopharm.2011.02.004","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Barriers to Medication Adherence in the Elderly: Looking Beyond Cost and Regimen Complexity","volume":"9","author":"Gellad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpp.12511","article-title":"Patient-reported barriers to medication adherence in heart failure in Scotland","volume":"27","author":"Forsyth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/agm2.12132","article-title":"Determinants affecting medication adherence in the elderly: A qualitative study","volume":"4","author":"Bastani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.01.001","article-title":"Medication Beliefs and Self-Reported Adherence Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults","volume":"35","author":"Sirey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S118121","article-title":"Factors affecting medication adherence in elderly people","volume":"ume 10","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S302818","article-title":"Home Care Patients\u2019 Experiences with Home Care Nurses\u2019 Support in Medication Adherence","volume":"15","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"641","article-title":"Improving medication adherence among community-dwelling seniors with cognitive impairment: A systematic review of interventions","volume":"39","author":"Tatar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Weekbl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.03.012","article-title":"Interactive effects of social support and social conflict on medication adherence in multimorbid older adults","volume":"87","author":"Warner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.23.2.207","article-title":"Social Support and Patient Adherence to Medical Treatment: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"DiMatteo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpp\/riac036","article-title":"Interventions to improve medicines optimisation in older people with frailty in primary care: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Faulkner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-021-00274-5","article-title":"An Update on Medication Use in Older Adults: A Narrative Review","volume":"8","author":"Barry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686990","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.686990","article-title":"High Prevalence of Multimorbidity and Polypharmacy in Elderly Patients with Chronic Pain Receiving Home Care are Associated With Multiple Medication-Related Problems","volume":"12","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777655","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.777655","article-title":"Effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce Potentially Inappropriate Medication in Older Patients: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16213","article-title":"Drug Therapy and Frailty: Chicken or the Egg?","volume":"67","author":"Rochon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Geri-Atrics Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13590","article-title":"The relationship between frailty and polypharmacy in older people: A systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/3\/1701\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:08:30Z","timestamp":1760119710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/3\/1701"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20031701"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20031701","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]}}}