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However, calcium, magnesium, and\/or potassium are starting to be proposed as potential surrogates for NaCl, but for which ecotoxicological effects are less explored. This study aimed to identify (i) the less toxic salt to freshwater biota to be suggested as a safer alternative deicer and (ii) to contribute to the lower tiers of salinity risk assessment frameworks by identifying a more suitable surrogate salt than NaCl. The battery of ecotoxicity assays with five key trophic level species showed that among the tested salts (MgCl2, CaCl2, and KCl), KCl and CaCl2 seemed to induce the highest and lowest toxicity, respectively, compared with NaCl. CaCl2 is suggested as a safer alternative for use as a deicer and KCl as a surrogate for the risk assessment of seawater intrusion in coastal regions. These results enrich the salt toxicity database aiming to identify and propose more suitable surrogate salts to predict the effects of salinization to a broader extent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T03:04:44Z","timestamp":1674011084000},"page":"1741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cation Composition Influences the Toxicity of Salinity to Freshwater Biota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6232-4081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Ven\u00e2ncio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7058-8861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Caon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9325-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leitao, J., Ribeiro, R., Soares, A.M., and Lopes, I. 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