{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T06:54:58Z","timestamp":1774508098358,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["279_596885124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["279_596885124"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic increased psychosocial risk factors among healthcare professionals (HCPs). Objective: To characterize Portuguese HCPs mental health (MH), estimate anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and burnout symptoms, and identify risk\/protective factors. A cross-sectional online survey and a longitudinal assessment were conducted in 2020 (T0) and 2021 (T1). Sociodemographic and occupational variables, COVID-19-related experiences and protective behavior data were collected from a non-probabilistic sample of HCPs in Portugal. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, PTSD, burnout and resilience were assessed using the Portuguese versions of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5), the Shirom\u2013Melamed Burnout Measure (MBSM) and the Connor\u2013Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), respectively. Risk and protective factors were identified through simple and multiple logistic regression models. Overall, 2027 participants answered the survey in T0 and 1843 in T1. The percentage of moderate-to-severe symptoms decreased from T0 to T1; however, a considerable proportion of HCPs reported symptoms of distress in both years. Being a woman, working in a COVID-19-treatment frontline position and work\u2013life balance increased the odds of distress. High resilience, good social\/family support, and hobbies\/lifestyle maintenance were found to be protective factors. Globally, our results show that performing as a HCP during the pandemic may result in long-term effects on MH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T05:51:06Z","timestamp":1676008266000},"page":"3131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Mental Health of Healthcare Professionals: Two Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Promo\u00e7\u00e3o da Sa\u00fade e Preven\u00e7\u00e3o de Doen\u00e7as N\u00e3o-Transmiss\u00edveis, Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Caldas de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Promo\u00e7\u00e3o da Sa\u00fade e Preven\u00e7\u00e3o de Doen\u00e7as N\u00e3o-Transmiss\u00edveis, Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Fialho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Behaviour Lab, Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado TERRA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Rasga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Promo\u00e7\u00e3o da Sa\u00fade e Preven\u00e7\u00e3o de Doen\u00e7as N\u00e3o-Transmiss\u00edveis, Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"BioISI\u2013Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2490-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Martiniano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Promo\u00e7\u00e3o da Sa\u00fade e Preven\u00e7\u00e3o de Doen\u00e7as N\u00e3o-Transmiss\u00edveis, Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"BioISI\u2013Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Behaviour Lab, Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado TERRA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Unbreakable Idea Research, 2550-426 Painho, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0428-6643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Virgolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Behaviour Lab, Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado TERRA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Astrid Moura","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Promo\u00e7\u00e3o da Sa\u00fade e Preven\u00e7\u00e3o de Doen\u00e7as N\u00e3o-Transmiss\u00edveis, Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"BioISI\u2013Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Heitor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Behaviour Lab, Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado TERRA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatria e Sa\u00fade Mental, Hospital Beatriz \u00c2ngelo, 2674-514 Loures, Portugal"},{"name":"Sociedade Portuguesa de Psiquiatria e Sa\u00fade Mental, 1050-096 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sa\u00fade (CIIS), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 2635-631 Sintra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Eurofund (2017). 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