{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:26:31Z","timestamp":1766269591092,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), I.P., under the Multiannual Financing of R&amp;D Units 2020\u20132023"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to assess how knowledge and empowerment impact the quality of life (QoL) of a person with type 2 diabetes, leading to better communication and disease management. We conducted a descriptive and observational study of individuals with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form (DES-SF), Diabetes Knowledge Test (DKT), and EQ-5D-5L were used, in addition to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Evaluating the variability in the DES-SF and DKT in relation to the EQ-5D-5L and identifying possible sociodemographic and clinical determinants were conducted using univariate analyses followed by a multiple linear regression model to test whether the factors significantly predicted QoL. A total of 763 individuals were included in the final sample. Patients aged 65 years or older had lower QoL scores, as well as patients who lived alone, had less than 12 years of education, and experienced complications. The insulin-treated group showed higher scores in DKT than the non-insulin-treated group. It was also found that being male, being under 65 years of age, having no complications present, and having higher levels of knowledge and empowerment predicted higher QoL. Our results show that DKT and DES are still determinants of QoL, even after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Therefore, literacy and empowerment are important for the improvement of the QoL of people with diabetes, by enabling them to manage their health conditions. New clinical practices focused on education, increasing patients\u2019 knowledge, and empowerment may contribute to better health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:22:05Z","timestamp":1678072925000},"page":"4544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Empowerment and Knowledge as Determinants for Quality of Life: A Contribution to a Better Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9448-9542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro L.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Studies and Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8995-9012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carminda","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Studies and Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Superior School of Health, Polytechnic of Viana do Castelo, 4900-314 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Studies and Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1345-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Studies and Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Studies and Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Superior School of Health, Polytechnic of Viana do Castelo, 4900-314 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sandra Maria","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Studies and Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1159\/000489310","article-title":"Diabetes Self-Management: A Key to Better Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Badr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. 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