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This review provides background information about the types of beaches, the characteristics of sand, and the microbiological parameters that should be measured. Analytical approaches are described for quantifying fungi and fecal indicator bacteria from beach sand. The review addresses strategies to assess beach sand quality, monitoring approaches, sand remediation, and the proposed way forward for beach sand monitoring programs. In the proposed way forward, recommendations are provided for acceptable levels of fungi given their distribution in the environment. Additional recommendations include evaluating FIB distributions at beaches globally to assess acceptable ranges of FIB levels, similar to those proposed for fungi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20095710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T02:03:18Z","timestamp":1683165798000},"page":"5710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Strategies for Monitoring Microbial Life in Beach Sand for Protection of Public Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7553-227X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8189-244X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Val\u00e9rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Weiskerger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct. Room A127, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1169-252X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Ver\u00edssimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Sarioglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3028-6057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Novak Babi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3390-3823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena M.","family":"Solo-Gabriele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6585-7775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Sabino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2724-2195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Rebelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.10.028","article-title":"Relationships between sand and water quality at recreational beaches","volume":"45","author":"Phillips","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.07.006","article-title":"Impacts of a changing earth on microbial dynamics and human health risks in the continuum between beach water and sand","volume":"162","author":"Weiskerger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (2003). 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