{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T17:19:52Z","timestamp":1772039992109,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bat species have been observed to have the potential to expand their distribution in response to climate change, thereby influencing shifts in the spatial distribution and population dynamics of human rabies cases. In this study, we applied an ensemble niche modeling approach to project climatic suitability under different future global warming scenarios for human rabies cases in Brazil, and assessed the impact on the probability of emergence of new cases. We obtained notification records of human rabies cases in all Brazilian cities from January 2001 to August 2023, as reported by the State and Municipal Health Departments. The current and future climate data were sourced from a digital repository on the WorldClim website. The future bioclimatic variables provided were downscaled climate projections from CMIP6 (a global model ensemble) and extracted from the regionalized climate model HadGEM3-GC31-LL for three future socioeconomic scenarios over four periods (2021\u20132100). Seven statistical algorithms (MAXENT, MARS, RF, FDA, CTA, GAM, and GLM) were selected for modeling human rabies. Temperature seasonality was the bioclimatic variable with the highest relative contribution to both current and future consensus models. Future scenario modeling for human rabies indicated a trend of changes in the areas of occurrence, maintaining the current pace of global warming, population growth, socioeconomic instability, and the loss of natural areas. In Brazil, there are areas with a higher likelihood of climatic factors contributing to the emergence of cases. When assessing future scenarios, a change in the local climatic suitability is observed that may lead to a reduction or increase in cases, depending on the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21020212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T03:50:27Z","timestamp":1707709827000},"page":"212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Modeling of Human Rabies Cases in Brazil in Different Future Global Warming Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jessica Milena Moura","family":"Neves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosafety Level 3 Facility, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0183-1175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinicius Silva","family":"Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei, Divinopolis 36307-352, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6974-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Maria Souza","family":"Catita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographic Engineering, Geophysics and Energy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1649-004, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz F\u00e1tima Alves de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, National School of Public Health and Regional Office of Piaui, Teresina 64001-350, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4117-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Aurelio Pereira","family":"Horta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosafety Level 3 Facility, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2018.11","article-title":"The spread and evolution of rabies virus: Conquering new frontiers","volume":"16","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, September 22). Rabies. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/rabies."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.08.008","article-title":"Serologic response to rabies pre-exposure vaccination in persons with potential occupational exposure in Singapore","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.024","article-title":"Overview of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis access, procurement and distribution in selected countries in Asia and Africa, 2017\u20132018","volume":"37","author":"Sreenivasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hampson, K., Coudeville, L., Lembo, T., Sambo, M., Kieffer, A., Attlan, M., Barrat, J., Blanton, J.D., Briggs, D.J., and Cleaveland, S. (2015). Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003786"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2023, September 24). Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Media_Center\/docs\/Zero_by_30_FINAL_online_version.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade: Brasil (2023, October 02). Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade. Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o Geral de Vigil\u00e2ncia de Zoonoses e Doen\u00e7as de Transmiss\u00e3o Vetorial. Guia de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade, Available online: https:\/\/bvsms.saude.gov.br\/bvs\/publicacoes\/guia_vigilancia_saude_5ed_rev_atual.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade: Brasil (2023, September 20). Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade. Raiva: O que \u00e9, Causas, Sintomas, Tratamento, Diagn\u00f3stico e Preven\u00e7\u00e3o, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/saude\/pt-br\/assuntos\/saude-de-a-a-z\/r\/raiva."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vigilato, M.A., Clavijo, A., Knobl, T., Silva, H.M., Cosivi, O., Schneider, M.C., Leanes, L.F., Belotto, A.J., and Espinal, M.A. (2013). Progress towards eliminating canine rabies: Policies and perspectives from Latin America and the Caribbean. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 368.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0143"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5123\/S1679-49742019000200001","article-title":"Raiva humana no Brasil: Estudo descritivo, 2000\u20132017","volume":"28","author":"Vargas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Serv. Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652010000200003","article-title":"Updated list of bat species positive for rabies in Brazil","volume":"52","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"125","article-title":"Raiva: Uma breve revis\u00e3o. de Recuperado","volume":"35","author":"Franco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Andrade, F.A.G., Gomes, M.N., Uieda, W., Begot, A.L., Ramos, O.S., and Fernandes, M.E.B. (2016). Geographical analysis for detecting high-risk areas for bovine\/human rabies transmitted by the common hematophagous bat in the Amazon region. Brazil. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157332"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1590\/S1808-16572012000200019","article-title":"Bovine rabies incidence in the State of Minas Gerais\/Brazil, between 2002 and 2006","volume":"79","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arq. Inst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.03.006","article-title":"Overview of rabies in the Americas","volume":"111","author":"Belotto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantovan, K.B., Menozzi, B.D., Paiz, L.M., Sev\u00e1, A.P., Brand\u00e3o, P.E., and Langoni, H. (2022). Geographic distribution of common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) shelters: Implications for the spread of rabies virus to cattle in Southeastern Brazil. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080942"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652007000600010","article-title":"First report of rabies in vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in an urban area, Ubatuba, S\u00e3o Paulo state, Brazil","volume":"49","author":"Ferraz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"89","article-title":"Fauna de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) e a ocorr\u00eancia de v\u00edrus da raiva na cidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil","volume":"22","author":"Martorelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, J., Staudacher, C., Martins, C.M., Ullmann, L.S., Ferreira, F., Araujo, J.P., and Biondo, A.W. (2018). Bat rabies surveillance and risk factors for rabies spillover in an urban area of Southern Brazil. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1485-1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.104809","article-title":"The common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) and the transmission of the rabies virus to livestock: A contact network approach and recommendations for surveillance and control","volume":"174","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12187","article-title":"Ecological and evolutionary implications of food subsidies from humans","volume":"16","author":"Oro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813000198","article-title":"The emergence of wildlife species as a source of human rabies infection in Brazil","volume":"141","author":"Favoretto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.26605\/medvet-v14n4-2661","article-title":"Surto de raiva em morcegos frug\u00edvoros no munic\u00edpio de Niter\u00f3i, RJ, 2018","volume":"14","author":"Moutinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, G., and Rebelo, H. (2013). Responses of bats to climate change: Learning from the past and predicting the future. Bat Evol. Ecol. Conserv., 457\u2013478.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7397-8_22"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2012.00214.x","article-title":"The impact and implications of climate change for bats","volume":"43","author":"Sherwin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mamm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2008.01447.x","article-title":"Water availability and successful lactation by bats as related to climate change in arid regions of western North America","volume":"77","author":"Adams","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2021.08.005","article-title":"Echolocation call frequencies of bats vary with body temperature and weather conditions","volume":"180","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, M.A., and Adams, R.A. (2017). Simulated bat populations erode when exposed to climate change projections for western North America. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180693"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D.N., Pape\u015f, M., and Van den Bussche, R.A. (2012). Present and potential future distribution of common vampire bats in the Americas and the associated risk to cattle. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042466"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutter, S.E., K\u00e4sbohrer, A., Gonz\u00e1lez, S.L.F., Le\u00f3n, B., Brugger, K., Baldi, M., Mario Romero, L., Gao, Y., and Chaves, L.F. (2018). Assessing changing weather and the El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation impacts on cattle rabies outbreaks and mortality in Costa Rica (1985\u20132016). BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1588-8"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-016-1334-7","article-title":"Extraordinary range expansion in a common bat: The potential roles of climate change and urbanisation","volume":"103","author":"Ancillotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.02021.x","article-title":"Predicted impact of climate change on European bats in relation to their biogeographic patterns","volume":"16","author":"Rebelo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00285-x","article-title":"Land-use change and the livestock revolution increase the risk of zoonotic coronavirus transmission from rhinolophid bats","volume":"2","author":"Rulli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"8","article-title":"Climate Change and Bats: Vampire Bats Offer Clues to the Future","volume":"26","author":"Mistry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bats"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"10","article-title":"Geographic distribution of Desmodus rotundus in Mexico under current and future climate change scenarios: Implications for bovine paralytic rabies infection","volume":"4","author":"Zarza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. M\u00e9xico OA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2003.00713.x","article-title":"Haematophagous bats in Brazil, their role in rabies transmission, impact on public health, livestock industry and alternatives to an indiscriminate reduction of bat population","volume":"50","author":"Mayen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.060373","article-title":"Ecologic niche modeling and spatial patterns of disease transmission","volume":"12","author":"Peterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, M.A., and Piaggio, A.J. (2018). Assessing the potential impacts of a changing climate on the distribution of a rabies virus vector. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192887"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2023, January 18). Tabnet\u2013DATASUS. (n.d.), Available online: https:\/\/datasus.saude.gov.br\/home\/tabnet\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2023, January 18). Malha Municipal|IBGE, Available online: https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/geociencias\/organizacao-do-territorio\/malhas-territoriais\/15774-malhas.html."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Brasil. Minist\u00e9rio das Rel Exteriores (2023, October 19). Geografia: Dados Geogr\u00e1ficos do Brasil, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/mre\/pt-br\/embaixada-bogota\/o-brasil\/geografia."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5086","article-title":"WorldClim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"37","author":"Fick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salami, A., Fakih, H., Chakkour, M., Salloum, L., Bahmad, H.F., and Ghssein, G. (2019). Prevalence, risk factors and seasonal variations of different Enteropathogens in Lebanese hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis. BMC Pediatr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1513-8"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Met Office (2023, October 19). HadGEM3 Family: Met Office Climate Prediction Model, Available online: https:\/\/www.metoffice.gov.uk\/research\/approach\/modelling-systems\/unified-model\/climate-models\/hadgem3."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009","article-title":"The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview","volume":"42","author":"Riahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14232","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14232","article-title":"Marble Algorithm: A solution to estimating ecological niches from presence-only records","volume":"5","author":"Qiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Thuiller, W., Georges, D., Engler, R., Breiner, F., Georges, M.D., and Thuiller, C.W. (2016). Package \u201cbiomod2\u201d. Species Distrib. Model within Ensemble Forecast. Framew, 1\u2013136."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.004","article-title":"The roads ahead: Narratives for shared socioeconomic pathways describing world futures in the 21st century","volume":"42","author":"Kriegler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12892","article-title":"A review of evidence about use and performance of species distribution modelling ensembles like BIOMOD","volume":"25","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22336","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08896-w","article-title":"Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases","volume":"27","author":"Kamel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13161","article-title":"Up in the air: Threats to Afromontane biodiversity from climate change and habitat loss revealed by genetic monitoring of the Ethiopian Highlands bat","volume":"14","author":"Razgour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-017-0285-0","article-title":"Ecological niche modeling of rabies in the changing Arctic of Alaska","volume":"59","author":"Huettmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12835","article-title":"The ecological niche of reported rabies cases in Canada is similar to Alaska","volume":"68","author":"Huettmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-017-0100-1","article-title":"Ecological niche modeling to determine potential niche of vaccinia virus: A case only study","volume":"16","author":"Quiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2307\/1378876","article-title":"Energetics and the distribution of vampires","volume":"54","author":"McNab","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(92)90080-Y","article-title":"Relative population densities and predation of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) in natural and cattle-raising areas in north-east Argentina","volume":"14","author":"Delpietro","year":"1992","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(69)91651-X","article-title":"The economics of temperature regulation in neutropical bats","volume":"31","author":"McNab","year":"1969","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S707","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.Supplement_4.S707","article-title":"Vampire bat-transmitted rabies in cattle","volume":"10","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00610241","article-title":"Thermoperception in the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus)","volume":"146","author":"Schmidt","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0313","article-title":"Rain increases the energy cost of bat flight","volume":"7","author":"Voigt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trajano, E. (1996). Movements of cave bats in Southeastern Brazil, with emphasis on the population ecology of the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus (Chiroptera). Biotropica, 28.","DOI":"10.2307\/2388777"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.22409\/eg.v9i19.54944","article-title":"Import\u00e2ncia da Amaz\u00f4nia na din\u00e2mica clim\u00e1tica do centro-sul brasileiro: Influ\u00eancia nas din\u00e2micas ambientais e socioecon\u00f4micas","volume":"9","author":"Portella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geoensaios"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"81","article-title":"Estrutura industrial brasileira e de Santa Catarina: Alguns ind\u00edcios de desindustrializa\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"40","author":"Cavalieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indicadores Econ\u00f4micos FEE"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819000682","article-title":"The emergence of vampire bat rabies in Uruguay within a historical context","volume":"147","author":"Becker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-020-01486-9","article-title":"Synergistic effects of grassland fragmentation and temperature on bovine rabies emergence","volume":"17","author":"Becker","year":"2020","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624574","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.624574","article-title":"Challenges of rabies surveillance in the eastern Amazon: The need of a one health approach to predict rabies spillover","volume":"9","author":"Bastos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1208.050929","article-title":"Bat-transmitted human rabies outbreaks, Brazilian Amazon","volume":"12","author":"Kotait","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01130-y","article-title":"Rabies outbreak in Brazil: First case series in children from an indigenous village","volume":"12","author":"Marques","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Pover"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311X00070413","article-title":"Sylvatic rabies and the perception of vampire bat activity in communities in the Ecuadorian Amazon","volume":"30","author":"Escobar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cad. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2012.10.015","article-title":"Rabies in humans and non-human in the state of Par\u00e1, Brazilian Amazon","volume":"17","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sodr\u00e9, D.N.A., Rossi, G.A.M., Mathias, L.A., and de Andrade Belo, M.A. (2023). Epidemiology and control of rabies in cattle and equines in Rond\u00f4nia State, a Brazilian\u2019s legal Amazon area. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13182974"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2730","article-title":"Spatial distribution of bat shelters and livestock rabies in Southern Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.37.2.2823","article-title":"The role of modelling in predicting rabies and understanding the impact of control measures","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.09.007","article-title":"Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation","volume":"86","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01102-2","article-title":"Climate change and infectious disease: A review of evidence and research trends","volume":"12","author":"Escobar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/2\/212\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:58:29Z","timestamp":1760104709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/2\/212"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph21020212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21020212","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]}}}